chromatids
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome, the individual parts of a chromosome
centromere
Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
mitotic spindle
a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
centrosome
microtubule organizing center
kinetochore
A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure
Mitosis steps
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Meiosis steps
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
nondisjunction
An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
Penetrance
The percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also express the expected phenotype