1-1 The last cases of smallpox were reported in the _____.
a. 1950s
b. 1960s
c. 1970s
d. 1980s
e. 1990s.
c
1-2 The first line of defense against microorganisms that infect the body is referred to as _____.
a. opportunistic immunity
b. innate immunity
c. adaptive immunity
d. primary immunity
e.central immunity.
b
1-3 Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. innate immunity: highly specialized defenses
b. secondary immune response: immunological memory
c. hematopoiesis: bone marrow
d. phagocytosis: uptake and killing of microbes
e. lymphocyte recirculation: c
a
1-4 All of the following are examples of chemical barriers of innate immunity except _____.
a. lactic acid
b. normal microbiota
c. lysozyme
d. fatty acids
e. proteases.
b
1-5 When effector lymphocytes secrete _____, an inflammatory response ensues.
a. lysozyme
b. defensins
c. lymph
d. sebum
e. cytokines.
e
1-6 The thin layer of cells that makes up the interior lining of the blood vessels is called the _____.
a. mucosa
b. epithelium
c. endothelium
d. connective tissue
e. lymphoid tissue.
c
1-7 Identify the incorrect statement regarding hematopoiesis.
a. Hematopoiesis is a continuous process that occurs throughout one's lifetime.
b. The location for hematopoiesis differs with age.
c. Self renewal is necessary to replenish the supply of hemat
e
1-8 The progenitors of macrophages are _____.
a. megakaryocytes
b. dendritic cells
c. monocytes
d. neutrophils
e. erythrocytes
f.M cells.
c
1-9 _____ act as cellular messengers by delivering degraded pathogens to lymphoid organs.
a. Plasma cells
b. Dendritic cells
c. Large granular lymphocytes
d. Mast cells
e. Basophils.
b
1-10 Another name for a large granular lymphocyte is a _____.
a. plasma cell
b. helper T cell
c. monocyte
d. natural killer cell
e. eosinophil.
d
1-11 Effector cells that secrete antibodies are known as _____.
a. natural killer cells
b. cytotoxic T cells
c. helper T cells
d. M cells
e. plasma cells
f. regulatory T cells.
e
1-12 Spherical regions in lymph nodes containing areas that are packed densely with proliferating B cells are called _____.
a. efferent vessels
b. germinal centers
c. red pulp zones
d. periarterial lymphoid sheaths
e.medullary sinuses.
b
1-13 The _____ is (are) the lymphoid organ(s) that filter(s) the blood.
a. spleen
b. tonsils
c. Peyer's patches
d. appendix
e. adenoids.
a
1-14 _____ cells persist long after an individual has been vaccinated.
a. Neutrophil
b. Plasma
c. Memory
d. M
e.Mast.
c
1-15 During an infection, _____ are mobilized in large numbers from the bone marrow.
a. dendritic cells
b. memory cells
c. macrophages
d. neutrophils
e. B cells.
d
1-16 In most cases, adaptive immune responses rely on the initial activation of _____ in secondary lymphoid tissue:
a. macrophages
b. T cells
c. B cells
d. dendritic cells
e. epithelium.
b
1-17 All of the following statements are characteristic of secondary immune responses except _____.
a. Secondary immune responses are activated when primary immune responses fail to completely eradicate an infection.
b. Secondary immune responses are rest
a
1-18 Identify the four classes of pathogens that provoke immune responses in our bodies and give an example of each.
The four classes of pathogen are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites (protozoa and worms). Examples of these pathogens are given in Figure 1.4.
1-19 A bacterium that causes a common disease in a population that has been previously exposed to it is called _____.
a. opportunistic
b. resistant
c. commensal
d. endemic
e.attenuated.
d
1-20
A. Name the parts of the body where epithelia act as barriers to infection.
B. Describe the three main ways in which epithelia carry out this barrier function, giving details of the mechanisms employed.
A. Skin; mucosal epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract; mucosal epithelium of the respiratory tract; mucosal epithelium of the urinogenital tract.
B. (i) Mechanical (physical) barriers. Tight junctions between the epithelial cells prevent the penetrati
1-21 An example of an antimicrobial peptide that protects epithelial surfaces from pathogens is _____.
a. glycoprotein
b. defensin
c. proteoglycan
d. lysozyme
e. sebum.
b
1-22 How can antibiotics upset the barrier function of intestinal epithelia? Give a specific example.
Antibiotics attack the microbiological barriers of intestinal epithelia. The normal microbiota sensitive to the antibiotics are killed off and the intestine can then be recolonized and overgrown by microorganisms that in normal circumstances are present i
1-23 Describe the characteristics commonly associated with inflammation and what causes them.
The hallmarks of inflammation are heat, redness, pain, and swelling (edema). These are caused by a combination of vasodilation (causing redness and heat), increased vascular permeability and the consequent infiltration of fluid and leukocytes from the blo
1-24 Which of the following are characteristics of innate immunity:
a. inflammation
b. improvement in recognition of the pathogen during the response
c. fast response
d. highly specific for a particular pathogen
e. cytokine production.
a, c, e
1-25 Which of the following statements regarding neutrophils is false?
a. Neutrophils are mobilized from the bone marrow to sites of infection when needed.
b. Neutrophils are active only in aerobic conditions.
c. Neutrophils are phagocytic.
d. Neutrophils
b
1-26 What are the main differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
Innate immune responses are initiated almost immediately after infection, whereas adaptive immunity takes longer to develop. Innate immunity uses generalized and invariant mechanisms to recognize pathogens. Examples of these are the receptors on phagocyte
1-27
A. Identify the two major progenitor subsets of leukocytes.
B. Where do they originate in adults?
C. Name the white blood cells that differentiate from these two progenitor lineages.
A. The two major progenitor subsets of leukocytes are the common lymphoid progenitor and the myeloid progenitor.
B. In adults, all leukocytes originate in the bone marrow and are derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells.
C. The common lymphoid pr
1-28 Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______, whereas secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______.
a. are stimulated; develop and mature
b. encounter pathogens; undergo apoptosis
c. develop and mature; becom
c
1-29 The spleen differs from other secondary lymphoid organs in which of the following ways?
a. It does not contain T cells.
b. It filters blood as well as lymph.
c. It is populated by specialized cells called M cells.
d. It receives pathogens via afferen
e
1-30 What are clonal selection and clonal expansion in the context of an adaptive immune response? Describe how they shape the adaptive immune response.
In an adaptive immune response to a pathogen, the term clonal selection describes the fact that only those lymphocytes that can recognize that particular pathogen and respond to it are selected to participate in the immune response. Clonal expansion descr
1-31 What would be the consequence of a bioterrorist attack that released smallpox virus into a city?
The last case of smallpox was reported in the 1970s. As a result, children are no longer vaccinated routinely as was the case before smallpox was eradicated. A large proportion of any given population today would be unvaccinated, and thus susceptible to s
1-32 Examples of pathogens that cause human disease include:
a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. fungi
d. parasites (protozoans and worms).
e.All of the above are examples of pathogens that cause human disease.
e
1-33 Which of the following is not associated with mucosal surfaces?
a. mucus-secreting goblet cells
b. lysozyme
c. M cells
d. white pulp
e. beating cilia.
d
1-34 Phagocytosis of either microbes or microbial constituents by macrophages is followed by the activation of macrophages and the secretion of cytokines. What are the main effects of these molecules?
The cytokines released by activated macrophages have three principal effects. Some cytokines act as chemoattractants and recruit other leukocytes into the infected tissue, for example neutrophils, which efficiently phagocytose and kill bacteria, forming p
1-35 Identify the different anatomical locations where hematopoiesis occurs in embryonic, fetal, and adult life.
The yolk sac and the liver produce blood cells in the embryo and early fetus through the first three months of gestation. The fetal spleen takes over this function from the third to the seventh months. Once developed, the bone marrow is the site of hemato
1-36 Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. lymphocytes: innate immune response
b. natural killer cell: kills virus-infected cells
c. macrophage: phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
d. erythrocyte: oxygen transport
e. eosinophil: defense ag
a
1-37 A term generally used to describe all white blood cells is _____.
a. hematopoietic cells
b. myeloid progenitor
c. dendritic cells
d. monocytes
e. leukocytes.
e
1-38 Examples of granulocytes include all of the following except:
a. neutrophil
b. monocyte
c. basophil
d. eosinophil.
e. All of the above are examples of granulocytes.
b
1-39 The most abundant type of leukocyte in human peripheral blood is the _____.
a. eosinophil
b. basophil
c. neutrophil
d. monocyte
e. lymphocyte.
c
1-40 Which of the following statements are correct?
a. Macrophages are granulocytes.
b. Macrophages derive from monocytes.
c. Macrophages are non-phagocytic.
d. Macrophages reside in the tissues.
e. All of the above statements are false.
b, d
1-41 Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. monocyte progenitor: macrophage
b. erythroid progenitor: megakaryocyte
c. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil
d. lymphoid progenitor: natural killer cell.
e. None of the above is mismatched.
e
1-42 Which of the following pairs of associations is mismatched?
a. large granular lymphocyte: T cell
b. megakaryocyte: platelet
c. B cell: plasma cell
c. monocyte: macrophage
d. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil.
a
1-43 Which of the following statements is false?
a. During human development, hematopoiesis takes place at different anatomical locations.
b. The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to white blood cells, but a different stem cell is the progenitor of red b
b
1-44 Which of the following describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an infected tissue?
a. efferent lymphatic vessel \rightarrow lymph node \rightarrow afferent lymphatic vessel
b. venule \rightarrow lymph node \rightarrow efferent lymph
c
1-45 Immune cells within the lymphatic circulation are directly deposited into which of the following anatomical sites so that the cells may reenter the bloodstream?
a. right aorta
b. left subclavian vein
c. left carotid artery
d. high endothelial venule
b
1-46 Which of the following is the predominant route by which pathogens are brought from a site of infection into a lymph node?
a. efferent lymphatics
b. artery
c. vein
d. afferent lymphatics
e. high endothelial venule.
d
1-47 Why does it take approximately a week after infection for the benefits of an adaptive immune response to start to be felt?
Before the establishment of an effector population of lymphocytes, several events must occur: (1) specific recognition of pathogen by lymphocyte receptors (clonal selection); (2) proliferation of pathogen-specific lymphocytes to expand responding populati
1-48 Vaccination is best described as prevention of severe disease by _______.
a. the deliberate introduction of a virulent strain of an infectious agent
b. prior exposure to an infectious agent in an attenuated or weakened form
c. prophylactic treatment
b
Describe three distinct mechanisms by which antibodies eradicate infection.
(i) Neutralization. By binding to the surface of a pathogen, antibodies interfere with the ability of the pathogen to grow and replicate. Antibody binding to a pathogen or a bacterial toxin can also inhibit its binding to receptors on host cells and there
1-50 Which of the following explains why immunity to influenza may appear to be relatively short-lived?
a. Effective immunological memory fails to develop.
b. Immune responses to influenza involve innate immune mechanisms only.
c. The primary and secondar
e