The _____ (or art) are rules and guidelines to help a floral designer create a beautiful composition.
Principles of Design
The ideal stage to cut the majority of flowers is just:
before the flower is fully open
_____ is best achieved when the design is arranged from back of the container toward the front. This gives the arrangement a feeling of _____ and _____.
balance, visual depth, support
A typical _____ arrangement might contain a fully open flower.
Oriental
A cluster of flowers on a stem is a(n):
inflorence
Hanging method, covering method, treating with glycerin, pressing, making potpourri and commercial freeze drying are all methods to _____ or _____ plant materials.
dry, preserve
The conductive tissue in the stem that transports water and minerals from roots to the leaves is called the:
xylem
Floral designs as we arrange them today are a blend of two styles:
Oriental and European
The first written design principles (rules) were established by the:
French
In all design work, the floral designer is striving for emphasis, balance, _____, _____, _____, and unity.
proportion, harmony, rhythm
_____ is achieved in an arrangement by creating an accent or focal point.
emphasis
An arrangement may be composed of _____ or _____ balance.
symmetrical, asymmetrical
The right conditions for seed germination are light or darkness _____, _____, and _____.
water, oxygen, favorable temperatures
_____ in an arrangement is accomplished by the scaling of flowers toward the focal point and is achieved by the use of flowers of varying size.
proportion
Plants are complex organisms made of _____ consisting of _____ and _____.
organs, tissue, cells
As roots grow, their tips are protected from coarse soil. This is accomplished by a mass of cells called the _____.
root cap
Wet conditions are also ideal for plants to become infected with soil-borne diseases such as:
Rhizoctonia, Pythium
The flower typically consists of four different parts: Sepals, petals, _____, and _____.
stamens, pistil
The plant has four main structures: _____, _____, leaves, and flowers.
roots, stem
The pistil has three main parts. They are:
stigma, style, ovary
_____ and _____ fuel plant growth.
Glucose, fructose
_____ enters through the stomata and is available to the _____ in the cells.
carbon dioxide, chlorophyll
The primary pigment involved in the manufacture of food is:
chlorophyll
The flower stem is known as the:
pedicel
Together, the sepals and the petals are called the:
perianth
A symmetrical design will appear to be the same on each side of a _____ center line.
vertical
Other floral design patterns that may be constructed by a florist are the _____, inverted T, _____, and free form.
right triangle, vertical
The harnessing of light energy is made possible by pigments found in:
chloroplast
Flowers are _____ percent water.
90
The pH refers to the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and ranges from 1 to 14; ___ being acidic, ___ being neutral, ___ being alkaline.
1-6, 7, 8-14
_____ is the ability of seeds to germinate under different conditions and still produce healthy seedlings.
vigor
Daisies should be cut:
fully open
Spring bulb flowers such as _____, _____, or _____, may be harvested in the bud stage.
Tulips, Daffodils, Iris
Which of the following is not considered one of the general categories of nursery grown plants?
Ornamental ferns
Which of the following is not considered a good characteristic of a good propagation medium?
Allows easy movement within container
Which of the following is not one of the top 10 nursery growing states?
Louisiana
The minimum optimum temperature for poinsettia growth is:
60 degrees F
Which of the following is the primary reason for keeping flower buckets clean?
Prevent bacterial growth
The pH range most suitable for Camellias is:
5.0 to 5.5
A good alternative for perlite, this material provides aeration in the root media.
Sand
What ingredient related to city water causes leaf tip browning in spider plant leaves?
Salt
Which of the following four is not considered a plant disease problem?
calyx wilt
The growth regulator often used to control marketable plant heights of potted tulips, dahlias, and lilies is:
A-Rest
What temperature range will cause chilling injury to plants:
35-45 degrees F
Which of the following is not a direct result of light intensity and duration in greenhouse crops?
Radiation
Successful advertising to a target audience is based on the three profit "P's." Which one of the following is not part of the three profit P's?
Pleasant
When studying the floral decorations of the earliest cultures, one learns that the Egyptians valued _____ and _____.
simplicity and repetition.
A line mass design has a linear aspect and massed central area. It is a combination of the _____ line style and the _____ mass style.
Japanese and European
Who added dried flowers or grains to fresh floral designs?
American
What style has three major placements of flowers or branches?
Japanese
There are three main ingredients in floral preservatives. Which of the following is not one of these ingredients?
Algaecide
When growing orchids, a hygrometer is used to measure:
Humidity
Which of the following is not one of the three broad categories of form?
symmetric
The flowers and leaves of a rose are mottled and streaked with silver, and dusty black droppings have collected. This damage is indicative of:
Thrips
An arrangement of flowers in which the flowers have all fallen to the outer ring is commonly referred to as:
a doughnut arrangement
A naturalistic design of an arrangement that looks like a:
miniature landscape
All of the following are related to servicing a wedding except one. Which does not belong in this group?
coordinating the throwing of the bouquet
A weakness associated with the ratio mark-up method of pricing includes all of the following elements except one Which should not be included?
changes in wholesale prices
What is Horticulture?
Horticulture is the culture of plants for food, comfort, and beauty.
Pesticides are used to help control:
weeds, insects, diseases, and other organisms that can damage crops
According to The Retail Florists Business, included in the list of traditional rules to achieve food design are all but one of the following. Which one is not included?
even numbers should be used in arrangements when fewer than 10 flowers of one kind are used
Placing wet sphagnum moss in a frame for funeral and Christmas wreaths is called:
mossing
What is the purpose of plant propagation?
to produce new and better breeds of plants at a fast rate
Where in a floral arrangement should light-covered flowers be placed?
near the top
What is the common name for the Gypsophilia flower?
Baby's Breath
The pierce wiring technique works best on flowers that have a:
thick calyx
What is the vase life?
the length of time cut flowers and foliage live after they have been cut
Pot mums in 6" pots should average _____ flowering shoots per pot.
20-30
Solarization is one of the top three primary ways heat is lost in a greenhouse.
FALSE
The genus and species names Dianthus caryophylius identifies what flower?
Carnation
Excessively short stems in Tulips planted outdoors are do to:
warm spring temperatures and lack of winter cooling
Upper leaves which show intervenal chlorosis probably suffer from:
an iron deficiency
A dried branch, bleached by the sun, used in decorations is called:
Manzanita
The most popular mechanics item used to support floral arrangement is:
floral foam
Specialty cut flowers may be defined as:
cut flowers other than rose, carnations, and chrysanthemums
Which of the following arrangements would not be suitable for a wedding?
full couch spray arrangement
Without a day/night fluctuation of _____ to _____ degrees F, orchids will grow plenty of healthy foliage, but may stubbornly refuse to flower.
10 to 15
What gives growers the ability to control environmental conditions affecting a crop?
Greenhouses
The covering of a greenhouse is often referred to as the:
glazing
_____ are devices used to automatically turn greenhouse systems on or off.
Environmental Controls
_____ is the best glazing material for the production of floriculture crops.
glass
Leaves are _____ with the responsibility of making _____.
organs, food
Most photosynthetic activity occurs in the _____ of cells.
mesophyll layer
_____ are the reproductive organs of a plant.
Flowers
A single flower on a flower stem or peduncle is called a:
solitary flower
_____ is responsible for cell division and differentiation.
Cytokinins
_____ are naturally occurring chemicals produced by plants to _____ growth.
hormones, regulate
Plants are propagated in what two ways?
Sexual and Asexual
_____ has changed the import/export side of the floriculture industry.
Air travel
_____ rank as the third most popular cut flower in the world.
Carnations
After being placed in a floral preservative solution, how long should the flowers remain at room temperature for efficient uptake of the solution?
2 to 3 hours
The Oriental and the American designs differ because, in the American design, every flower has a specific meaning and an exact location. This does not apply in the Oriental style.
FALSE
What pH is recommended for fresh flowers in solution?
3 to 4.5
Underwater cutting is recommended especially for roses to ensure that _____, not _____, enters the xylem.
water, air
Floral preservatives should be used because they will _____ the lasting qualities of fresh flowers.
increase
An English painter by the name of _____ developed the S curve in the 18th century because he thought a curve was very pleasing to the eye.
William Hogart
Floral production involves the growing of _____ and _____ for sale.
flowering, foliage crops
Shape and form are _____ in floral design.
different
What are conical centerpieces?
cone-shaped, three dimensional isosceles triangles
Dried flowers with _____ stems may be used in designing by _____ them with wire, metal, or wooden picks, hollow stems, taped stems, or hot glue.
short, lengthening
What is the best time of day to harvest plant materials for drying?
middle of day
Percent germination is the percentage of _____ that will _____ and _____.
seeds, sprout, grow
There are 17 elements needed to provide the necessary plant nutrients. Macronutrients are the _____ nutrients that are needed in _____ amounts.
major, larger
The international wholesale market for cut flowers and foliage is located in:
Holland
The Oriental cultures that developed while the Greek and Roman cultures were developing had their own floral practices. One that is still taught today is the _____ design method.
Ikenobo
Three factors that are very important when considering water quality for fresh flowers are:
pH, hardness, salinity
For optimum vase life, most cut flowers should be stored at temperatures as close to ___ degrees F as possible.
35
All foliage plants must be _____ prior to installing in an interior area.
acclimated
The most influential and important person in all the ancient arts of China was:
Hsieh Ho
Good mineral or garden soils have about _____ percent of pore space.
50
Bird-of-Paradise is the common name, what is the Genus-Species?
Strelitzia reginae
The Retail Florist business has been in existence for over ____ years.
100
Odd numbers should be used in arrangements when fewer than _____ flowers of one kind are used.
10
_____ is a term used to describe the practices that get bulbs to grow and produce flowers.
forcing
A tunicate bulb has a dry, papery covering called a:
tunic
Foliage plants are _____ and _____ plants, either woody or non-woody, that are successfully grown indoors.
tropical, subtropical
_____ is the art and science of selecting, placing, and maintaining plants to improve and enhance the appearance of the indoor environment.
interiorscaping
The Oriental country best known for its floral art is:
Japan
A _____ is a greenhouse designed for the display of plants.
conservatory
The importance of the growing medium rests with four basic function. They are: holds water, provides nutrients, permits the exchange of gasses, and provides _____ for the plant.
support
_____ capacity is the measure of a medium's capacity to hold nutrients.
Cation exchange
Organic media used in greenhouses have between ___ and ___ percent pore space.
75 and 85
Lilies are ____ bulbs.
non-tunic
The Genus-species, Erica sp has a common name of:
heather
The hook method of wiring for floral arrangements is used for:
flat headed flowers
What is the purpose of "pinching" plants?
helps the plants become more bushy, which increases flower quantity
In the past, your stem tip cuttings of Verbena produced an 85% rooting rate. You have contracted with Classic Retail Nursery for 2000 4" pots of homestead verbena for April 1st. Using your records, approximately how many cuttings should you propagate to
...
2355
You are producing a crop of 500 Geranium plants. It is time to transplant the rooted cuttings into 6" standard pots. One cubic foot of potting media will fill 16 pots. How many 3 cubic foot bags of potting media will you need?
11 bags
How much will the media cost for your crop of 100 Betterboy Tomatoes if you grow the tomatoes in one-gallon nursery containers? One cubic foot of media will fill 9 one-gallon containers. Each 3 cubic foot bag of media costs $ 18.75.
$75.00
Pinching is a process that:
promotes branching
Which of the following is a growth regulator?
B-Nine
Which of the following is not generally used as a potted crop?
Snapdragons
Identify the flower considered a line flower:
Liatris
Large leaves are often removed from a germanium plant in late winner to:
Permit more light to reach young growth
A shade cloth is pulled over a greenhouse to:
decrease temperature
A cultivated variety is referred to as a:
cultivar
How many extra plants would you order if you need 300, but you place an order for 5% extra, just in case some dies or get damaged?
15
PPM is...
parts per million
Which of the following are common colors of Poinsettias?
red, pink, white
The process by which the energy of sunlight is converted into chemical energy by green plants is known as:
photosynthesis
Bearded Iris have what type of roots?
rhizomes
Which of the following plants produce adventitious roots?
English Ivy, Heart Leaf Philodendron
Molluscicide is used to control...
slugs
Percolation is...
downward movement of water in the soil
____________ is the most widely used irrigation system used for potted plants?
tube irrigation
Floral arrangements should be...
1 � times as tall as the container
Which of the following plants may be reproduced by using leaf blade cuttings?
Rex Begonia
______________ is one of the greatest causes of failure in growing house plants.
Watering
_____________ are horizontal underground stems.
Stolons
The measure of how poisonous a chemical is after a single exposure is _____________ toxicity.
...
acute
_________________ is a sterile, lightweight mica product.
Vermiculite
Orchids like _____% to ______% humidity.
50-80
The ______________ in the stems produces all new cells.
cambium
The organic compounds that affect the enlargement and division of cells, tissue differentiation, dormancy, leaf aging, and leaf drop are known as ___________________.
Cytokinins
What is the fertilizer element that is used by the plant to make chlorophyll molecules?
Nitrogen
In Floral Design, placing objects in strategic locations to create a visual feeling of stability in a design is known as _______________________.
balance
Baby's Breath is an example of a ______________flower.
filler
The insecticide Mr. Jones sprayed in his greenhouse had a skull and crossbones on the label. What is the allowed re-entry time for the area treated with this chemical?
48 hours
A flower containing both stamens and pistils is known as a________________ flower.
perfect
Which of the following is not necessary for seed germination?
Soil
The ability of a plant to withstand extreme temperatures is known as
...
...
_________________.
hardiness
What is added to acidic soil to raise the pH?
Lime
Which of the following is the proper sequence of the layers of a leaf?
Lower epidermis, spongy layer, chloroplasts, palisade layer, upper epidermis
...
IPM is an acronym for:
Integrated pest management
Superior nursery is selling begonias, petunias, and marigolds at $9.50 per flat. They are selling impatiens, and ageratum at $11.75 per flat and Dusty Miller, salvia and snapdragons at $7.25 per flat. Mrs. Cooper buys 3 begonias, 2 marigolds, 1 Dusty Mil
...
$101.23
The fertilizer element __________________ increases the plant's resistance to disease.
...
Phosphorus
Which of the following would not be effective in lowering the pH in alkaline soils?
Applying lime
Soil sterilization requires heating the soil at
1800F for half an hour
The watering system that uses the least amount of water
trickle tube
When transplanting bedding plants, the soil temperature needs to be
600F
____________________ is a rigid greenhouse covering that is made of double layers, has high light transmission, is flame retardant and has the strongest resistance to breakage.
...
Polycarbonate
Silt has soil particles from _____ to _____ mm in diameter.
0.05 to 0.002
Jan works at Sunshine Florist after school and on Saturday mornings. She is paid $5.65 per hour. On the week of March 5, she worked 29 3/4 hours. If the florist withheld $6.38 for taxes and Social Security, what would be her gross pay.
...
$168.09
Which of the following fertilizer elements is Not a micro-nutrient?
...
Calcium
A _______________ is the entire whorl of petals.
corolla
Which of the following bulbs are the easiest for forcing?
Amaryllis
_______________ is a process of events whereby the seed embryo goes from a dormant state to an active growing state.
Germination
Which of the following is an advantage of germinating seed in 1020 poly-flats?
Little equipment is necessary
_____________ is the simplest form of pruning and is used to encourage lateral branching, remove unwanted growth, and increase the size of flowers.
Pinching
Which of the following are primary colors?
red, yellow and blue
The color harmony produced by using various shades, tints, and tones of one color is called:
monochromatic harmony
The most popular form of asexual reproduction of plants is
cuttings.
The forcing time for Easter Lilies is about ___ days.
150
Cycocel is a (an)
growth regulator.
Water and food are translocated in plants through tissues called
xylem and phloem.
A solenoid valve
is a switch often used for controlling water flow.
Which of the following is considered in the trade to be a Holland flower?
Alstroemeria
Weeping fig (Ficus benjamina) moved directly from a high light growing area to an interior room will often drop its leaves because of :
improper acclimatization.
During which seasons will black cloths not be needed for short day plants such as cosmos to bloom, assuming no interruption of the natural day length?
Fall and winter
The first part of the new plant to emerge from the seed is the ___________.
root
The red parts of the poinsettia are not really blooms but modified leaves called
bracts
Plants should be watered early in the day
to aid in disease prevention.
Which is not a greenhouse insect pest?
Lady bug
Soil should be heated to ____ for 30 minutes for sterilization?
180E
When a plants roots have completely filled its pot and become overly crowded, the plant is said to be
potbound
Which group of holidays is most important for florist sales?
Christmas, Mothers Day, Valentines Day
Jackie sold 875 potted Geraniums at $3.76 each. Her cost of production was $ 2.12. What is her net profit?
$1,435.00
Which group of plants is all general propagated seeds?
Petunia, tomato, pepper
The three most common type floral designs for funerals are referred to as
wreaths, sprays, mixed pots
Better Boy, Early Girl, Big Boy, Rutgers and Homestead are all varieties of
...
tomatoes
Saucers for plants to sit in often cause problems because.
root rot can develop if water is left standing in the saucer.
The percentage of potassium in a 5-10-15 fertilizer is
15
Fumigant pesticides are in a _______ form.
gas
What do you call a mechanical device, which introduces a concentrated fertilizer solution into the pipeline used for watering plants?
Proportioner
Plant pathology is the study of:
plant diseases.
Backflow of water and chemicals into the pipes of the domestic water system can be prevented by installing a(n):
check valve.
What type of gloves should be worn when handling pesticides?
Rubber
Hydroponics is a system of growing plants in:
nutrient solution.
The correct way to soak floral foam is to:
drop it into a pan and let it soak and sink slowly until about 1/4 remains out the water.
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used soil mix ingredient?
ground pine straw
The process of manufacturing carbohydrates from the raw materials in air and water is
photosynthesis
Bacillus thuringiensis is
a bacterial insecticide
The standard size for hanging baskets is
10 inch
A Chrysanthemum x morifolium is classified for floriculture uses as a:
flowering potted plant
Black spot of rose is caused by:
fungi
The process of a seed going through a time of cold temperature before it germinates is called:
stratification
The process of propagating plants from cuttings is known as:
asexual reproduction
A plant may be suffering from _______ if the leaves have yellow spots, patches, or streaks.
mosaic virus
____________ occurs when a plant does not have enough moisture for the cells to remain turgid.
Wilting
Plants maintain a healthy heat and moisture balance through a process called:
transpiration
Which plant below is matched to its usual or common method of propagation?
gladiolus; separation
Which plant listed below would be least tolerant of a very sunny location?
Impatiens
Pores or openings in the leaf that allow the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor is defined as a:
stomata
A group of cells at the tip of a root is called the root ________________.
cap
The male parts of the flower are a slender stalk called the _______________ and an enlarged part at the end called the _______________ where pollen grains are formed.
...
filament, anther
House plants grown near a window in winter may lean toward the light in response to a reaction called:
phototropism
When new growth on a plant is weak and spindly with large gaps between the leaves, the plant is most likely suffering from lack of :
light
The life cycle of an annual plant:
is completed in one growing season
Seedlings should be transplanted:
when the first true leaves are have developed
Plants can be propagated vegetatively because of the process of cell division which is known as:
mitosis
Bulb crops are commonly propagated by:
separation
Sugars are manufactured in the _______________ of plants.
leaves
Hook wiring is the most appropriate technique for wiring a(n):
daisy
Which of the following would NOT be considered a foliage plant?
Alyssum
Which is the best preservative listed for cut flowers? (Home remedy)
lemon-lime soft drinks
The process of moving one plant from one location and planting it in another is called:
transplanting
The process of reproducing a plant by using small pieces of tissue in an artificial medium under sterile conditions is called:
tissue culture
The main function of plant leaves is:
carbohydrate production.
Ferns are different from most horticultural crops because they reproduce from:
spores
Photoperiodism is a plant response to:
day length
The main disadvantage of producing plants from seeds is that:
cross-pollination often produces seedling variation.
African violets are usually propagated by:
leaf petiole cuttings
Water hose ends should be kept off the ground or floor to prevent:
spread of disease.
What is the main advantage of raised beds?
Raised beds have better drainage.
Which is commonly used for a cut flower?
Alstroemeria
With potted plants, the presence of a white, flaky film on the soil surface or pot rim (especially on clay pots) indicates:
salt buildup.
Which of the flowers listed is least shade tolerant?
Marigold
Proper maintenance of Marigolds in landscape beds includes:
dead-heading.
The of hydrangeas can be changed by changing the pH of the soil
flower color
All of the following are principles of design used in floral design EXCEPT:
cycle.
Which of the following solutions is best to disinfect used pots?
20% bleach
Which type of cutting is wounded to improve rooting?
woody
Gladiolus are:
used as line flowers in floral designs.
A pollen grain moves first from the anther to the _________ to begin its journey to the ovary for fertilization.
stigma
What document(s) listed below is required by law to be on-hand and available to all employees in case of emergency?
material safety data sheets
A material used to kill insects is called a(n):
insecticide
Diseases grow best on _______ leaves.
wet
A Ficus benjamina plant is classified for floriculture uses as a:
foliage plant
What instrument measures soluble salts in soils?
solu-bridge
The process of using pollen from one plant to pollinate another plant is called:
cross pollination
Which of the following is a normal length of time for the production of most potted mum varieties (from potting of the rooted cuttings to the selling date)?
12 weeks
Azaleas bloom naturally in the:
Spring
Which of the following would be a problem in growing potted azaleas?
Adding 2 teaspoons of hydrated lime to each pot.
Which of the following foliage combinations would create the greatest texture contrast in a floral arrangement?
English Ivy and asparagus fern
Which of the following night temperatures is best for growing tomatoes from seedlings to bedding plant size?
65 degrees
An initial symptom of fertilizer burn is leaf:
scorch
Which plant below is NOT matched to its usual or common method of propagation?
azaleas - division
The cause of tall, leggy plants can often be traced to:
crowded growing conditions.
Which plant listed below would be most tolerant of a very sunny location in the greenhouse?
poinsettia
Green spider plants grow faster than variegated spider plants, probably because:
it has more green area for photosynthesis.
Food produced in the leaves is moved to other parts of the plant through the:
...
phloem.
Floriculture production in the United States is valued at about $____________ at farm gate.
4.7 billion
The leading floriculture production states are __________, ___________, and ____________.
California, Florida, Texas
Perched water table means that the container has ___________ at the bottom of the container right after watering, when drainage has occurred.
free-water
When certain elements are provided in excess to plants, uptake of other nutrients may be hindered. One example of a mineral antagonism is the _____________________________ interaction; a 1:1 ratio is recommended for most floriculture crops.
nitrogen-potassium
The optimum ph range for most crops growing in a soilless medium is__________.
5.8-6.4
American floriculture crops are considered to be ________ quality if they are well branched and _______, with multiple flowers that open ______________.
high, full, simultaneously
The process of pinching a plant removes the ________ factory and eliminates the ________ concentration of the __________ hormone from the upper portion of the plant.
auxin, high, inhibitory
When the source of ________ is removed, the concentration of the __________ drops quickly, thereby releasing lateral branches from _________ dominance and allowing them to develop.
auxin, hormone, apical
A time tested rule is to pinch when roots are ________________ and __________ of the _________ after removing the plant from its pot.
visible at the sides, bottom, medium
_______________ growers first began growing their rose plants using bent stems in the 1980's.
Japanese
Rose plants used for the bent stem technique are started as __________ node cuttings, which are rooted and grown frequently in _______ _______ _______.
single, rock wool cubes
There are less than _________ dozen rose breeders specializing in commercial cut flower varieties.
two
Roses generally are graded according to _________ of stem.
length
The Japanese confine their displays of flower arrangements to specific areas as a matter of __________ and ___________.
ritual, custom
The Chinese method of handling flowers is founded on __________, preservation of life, and appreciation of __________.
symbolism, beauty
A creative art form using space along with line, form, color, and texture to create the floral arrangements by using plant material and other components.
abstract design
Two or three colors adjacent to each other on the color wheel.
analogous color harmony
Two sides of a vertical axis in an arrangement that are different in composition but equal in visual weight.
asymmetrical balance
A circle of greens decorated with fruits, nuts, cones, seed pods, or berries typical of the Renaissance period.
Della Robbia Wreath
The art of placing floral material in a container in a pleasing manner following various artistic principles.
flower arranging
A circle of small flowers arranged around one central flower similar to a nosegay.
Tussy Mussy
A new concept in creative art form free from conventional ideas and patterns, nongeometric.
free-form design
An all around arrangement to be viewed from all sides.
free standing
What are ttints, tones, and shades of one hue called?
monochromatic color harmony
A tight hand bouquet of fragrant flowers.
nosegay
A container of unusual form or shape such as a heart, animal, etc.....
novelty
Probably the most influential factor in advancing flower arrangement in this country has been the _______________________.
National Council of State Garden Clubs
The American Style of flower arrangement stresses clear cut designs, _______________, ____________, and ______ of expression.
plant forms, originality, freedom
In any style of flower arranging, past or present, American, European, or Oriental, there are __________________; these are ___________. _________________________________________________.
6 design elements, line, form, space, texture, color and harmony
Violets and purples give a ___________________ sometimes __________.
spiritual feeling, sad
Tints of various hues will normally be ___________, while tones tend to give a ____________ effect.
uplifting, soothing
_____________ can be either warm or cool; it takes on the feelings of the colors with which it is associated.
White
The Easter Lily crop is difficult to grow because,
Easter falls on a different date each year.
The number of floral industry workers in the United States is about ________.
110,000
The primary function of the root is to ________.
anchor the plant and supply water and nutrients
The portion of the root that takes in the water and plant nutrients is the ________.
root hair
The major types of root systems are ________.
fibrous and taproot
The area of cell division is ________.
responsible for the production of new cells on the tip of the root
The phloem ________.
carries the manufactured food from the leaves to the roots
Herbaceous stems ________.
are green and are not winter hardy
The node ________.
is the part of the stem where the leaf is attached
The study of functions and the complex chemical processes that allow plants to grow is known as ________.
plant physiology
The rate at which photosynthesis is carried out depends on ________.
the light intensity, temperature, and concentration of carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis will work best in which temperature range?
65 to 85 degrees F
Respiration ________.
uses food for plant energy
Plant nutrition is ________.
use of basic chemical elements in the plant
Propagation is defined as ________.
the process of increasing the numbers of a species
A seed consists of ________.
a seed coat, endosperm, and embryo
A type of stem cutting used where stock material is limited and has alternate leaves is a ________.
single-eye cutting
A cutting that is usually made from a large-leaf plant with the veins split is ________.
split-vein cutting
Grafting is ________.
a method of joining two parts of two different plants
The most common type of grafting is ________.
T-budding
Tissue culture may be used for ________.
cloning
The first stage of cloning African violets takes approximately ________.
30 minutes
The south and west sides of a house may not be the best locations for a flower garden because they ________.
reflect heat on the planting
The furrow in a garden is a _________.
sunken walkway
An annual is a plant whose life cycle is completed in ________.
one growing season
The technical name for weed-control chemicals is ________.
herbicides
After cutting flowers from the garden, it is best to immediately put them in ________.
warm water
To heat a hotbed, frosted light bulbs or ________ are commonly used for heat sources.
lead or plastic-coated heating cables
The conventional greenhouse is designed to ________.
capture light and control temperature
One of the most popular flowering indoor plants is the ________.
African violet
An example of an indoor tree is a ________.
fiddleleaf fig
When purchasing an indoor plant, check the underside of the leaves for ________.
insects
The moderate temperature range for indoor plants is ________.
60 to 70 degrees F
If an indoor plant needs direct or full sun, then the plant will need sun for at least ________.
half of the daylight hours
The place in a home not usually considered an ideal location for an indoor plant is the _______.
basement
Which of the following is not considered an environmental factor when growing indoor plants?
weather
Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of an indoor plant?
balance
Interior plantscaping is a career area in which area of horticulture?
floriculture
Floral arrangement designed with visual paths along which the eye is led from one point of interest to another are called
line arrangements
The Snapdragon is also known as
Antirrhinum majus
Tissue-cultured plantlets require special attention during the acclimation process from the laboratory to the greenhouse in order to avoid ________ and ensure crop ________.
losses, uniformity
Consumers encounter Alstromeria frequently in the retail marketplace, as it is one of the World's top ________ cut flowers
ten
A physiological disorder of geraniums caused by high moisture levels in the root media is
Oedema
The single most important aspect of perennial gardening is
timing the bloom
There are two different purposes for using artificial lighting. First, lamps can be used to provide additional light to increase photosynthesis and plant growth. This is termed ________ lighting. Second, lamps can be used to alter the photoperiod perceive
supplemental, photoperiodic
Dianthus caryophyllus is the genus and species for which flower?
carnation
Alstroemeria hybrids are also known as
Princess Lily
The term texture as it applies to plants includes such adjectives as ________, ________, and ________.
fine, medium, bold
The most commonly used growth retardant is
Cycocel
Many crops today are offered as tissue-cultured plantlets, stage 2 or stage 3. This form of vegetative propagation offers many advantages to growers, primarily in that plants grown from tissue are ________ and ________.
disease free, quick growing
Zantedeschia rehmannii, Z. elliotiana, Z. hybrids also known as
Calla Lily
Place cut Antirrhinum majus stems vertically as soon as possible after harvest; stems placed horizontally may begin to bend upward in as little as
30 minutes
Evaporative ________ help to offset the heat load caused by ________ light, thus effective greenhouse cooling allows the grower to provide ________ light levels before heat stress is problematic.
cooling pads, high, higher
________, identified by yellowing or interveinal chlorosis of young leaves, is the primary problem for plants growing in a ________ pH medium.
iron deficiency, high
Limited induction photoperiod is a ________ technique for controlling elongation of long-day herbaceous perennials.
non-chemical
The principal of total compatibility of all parts of an arrangement with each other is termed
rhythm
The most popular orchid potting material is
Fir bark
The arrangement of flowers referred to as a "Full Couch Spray" is used for
top of a closed casket
Day length is the shortest on ________ and increases until ________; therefore, it decreases.
December 21, June 21
These summer-blooming perennials produce dense, bristly balls of blue color.
Russian Thistle
All but one of the following is easily suitable for pressing. Which one is not suitable?
Daffodil
There are certain soil requirements for building a terrarium. Too much soil looks heavy, while too little soil will not hold the root system. In general, what is the correct amount of soil in relation to the height of the container?
25%
Alstroemeria produce two types of shoots ________ and ________
flowering, vegetative
An orchid having a horizontal stem from which numerous shoots arise is called
sympodial
Snapdragons should be stored and shipped ________ at all times to prevent ________ of the spikes. Snapdragons can be stored for _____ to _____ days, dry or in water, at 40 F (4 C).
upright, curvature, 3, 4
Treated seed virtually ________ viral, fungal, and bacterial disease at the time of planting, greatly ________ disease in professional grower products.
eliminates, reducing
Seed-grown tubers generally produce ________ eyes, which means plants will have a ________ number of flowers and leaf sprouts.
more, higher
Natural photoperiods vary during the year and by
latitude
By understanding the critical photoperiod for lower induction, growers can manipulate photoperiods to make plants either ________ or ________.
vegetative, reproductive
Botrytis blight is also known as
tulip fire
Sympathy flowers are important to ________ the deceased and ________ the living.
honor, comfort
A grouping of different types of plants potted in the same container is known as a
dish garden
A ________ is an organizational business tool to state the business' purpose and goals and estimate the financing needed to fund the new florist.
business plan
When consulting with a bride regarding floral pieces for an upcoming wedding, which of the following is NOT a primary consideration the florist must address to properly assist the bride for the important occasion?
payment schedule for floral services
Flowers are used to fill in a floral arrangement once the lines and the focal area of the design have been established.
Mass
Popular colors to use in floral designs during the spring and Easter season include
pink, yellow and white
Peat moss is often mixed into the growing medium of container plants because it
has good air and water holding capacities
The common name for Zebrina pendula is
Wandering Jew
Which of the following are fungus diseases of plants?
Mildew, fusarium, damping off
A granite-like volcanic material that is crushed and heated to expand to twenty times its original volume is
Perlite
Which of the following is not a method for sterilizing plant growing medium?
Keeping the growing medium moist for 6 to 7 days
To increase the keeping quality of plant materials with hollow stems, the stems should be
filled with water
When preparing a symmetrical triangular floral arrangement, the flowers are placed first in the design.
Line/skeletal
A technique growers use to produce well branched, compact plants with many flowers is
pinching
Irregularly shaped holes with smooth edges appear in Celosia leaves. Some leaves are even missing. The plants should be treated for
slugs and snails
The typical length of florist wire is
18 inches
For optimum germination, seeds of nearly all bedding plants require a propagation medium temperature of
75 to 85 degrees
The most important environmental factor regulating flower initiation in bulbous species is
temperature
Aphids can promote growth of the
Black sooty mold
A major problem in standard carnation production resulting in asymmetrical flowers is
Calyx splitting
This is a floral piece commonly displayed at funerals.
Standing spray
The all-purpose light level at which most interior plants survive, receiving as much light as possible without any direct sun is
bright-indirect light
Japanese style of floral arrangement is known as
Ikebana
The genus and species name for the Jade Plant is
Crassula argentea
Hanging plants used in interior landscapes function to
give length to interior design
An example of a mass flower is
rose
The removal of lateral flower buds from stems, such as carnations and chrysanthemums, is called
disbudding
The genus and species for Yarrow is
Achillea filipendulina
A good substitute for sand, this material provides for aeration in the growing media.
Perlite
Analogous color harmony utilizes
two or three adjacent colors on the color wheel
Commercial flower crops are sometimes watered to cause leaching. This means
watering to remove excess soluble salts from the growing medium
In Japanese floral design, Tai represents
Earth
A container often used at Thanksgiving for floral arrangements and symbolic of a plentiful harvest is the
cornucopia
The genus and species name for the Fiddleleaf Fig is
Ficus lyrata
Failure of a bulb to produce a marketable flower following floral initiation is
flower blasting
A palmately compound leaf has
leaflets
The acceleration of flowering by manipulating environmental conditions is known as
forcing
Pollination occurs when
a pollen grain touches the stigma
Magnesium, calcium and sulfur
are essential elements needed for plant processes
The average humidity recommended for interior plants is
40 to 70%
Cuttings of potted chrysanthemums are planted at an angle to encourage
increased branching
The following is not a characteristic of an insect:
Two tentacles
The framework of a floral design is created by
line
The least desirable way to water plug-grown seedlings is with
a hand-held nozzle
Plants convert chemical energy into light energy which results in plant growth.
FALSE
Wavelengths are measured in ________ with specific wavelengths corresponding to specific ________.
nanometers; color
Growth is best for Helianthus annus L. between _____ and _____ sun is always preferred.
65 to 75 F; full
When spores germinate, they form a small ________ leaf like structure known as the prothallus.
green
________ is any method of breaking through hard, water-impermeable seed coats to allow water to penetrate.
Scarification
Disadvantages to Pregermination are limited shelf life of ________, limited selection and limited cost.
4 to 5 weeks
The strewing of flowers and loose petals at banquets and festivals was typical of the ________ period.
Greek and Roman
The ________ period is considered the beginning of the flower arranging as it is known today.
Italian Renaissance
The point at which the plant is receiving as much light energy as it can use is the ________ point.
light saturation
The Euphorbia pulcherrima, a ________ day plant, is induced to flower by providing ________ nights and ________ days.
short; long; short
The floral design of the ________ influence emphasizes careful and significant placement of every flower, branch or leaf.
Japanese
The ________ point is the light intensity at which the plant is receiving as much energy from the light during photosynthesis as it is during respiration.
light compensation
Although general plant growth usually requires light with all wavelengths ________ and ________ wavelengths result in the greatest plant growth response.
red (700); blue (470)
Dahlias flower morphology is complex and flower size varies from larger than _____ to less than _____ in diameter.
4 in.; 8.25 in.
In Japanese influenced design, placement of three main flowers or branches signifies ________, ________ and ________.
heaven; man; earth
________ is similar to seed hydration except the process is allowed to progress further until the seed coat splits and the radical becomes visible.
Pregermination
________ is a technique used by seed suppliers to imbibe the seed and begin germination, but then stop the process before the radical (root) emerges.
Seed hydration
The ________ fuzzy fungal growth of Botrytis often begins with injured or necrotic areas and then infects healthy tissue.
gray
Measuring light requires the use of _____ factor(s).
3
Dianthus caryophyllus is a native of the ________ area, originally flowering only in the early spring.
Mediterranean
Plants grown under light high in ________ wavelengths will be short, dark green and well branched.
red
Many growers apply a shading compound or shade cloth from ________ to ________ to reduce heat stress that results from high light levels entering the greenhouse.
late spring; early fall
Linear materials are those that grow into the shape of a tall spire or spike. They are usually tall and slender. Often they are ________ below the tip but taper definitely to a point at the top, much like a ________.
full; church steeple
The American style of flower arranging is based on the _____ elements of design.
6
What are the three kinds of traditional flower arrangements recognized today in America by flower arrangers and the National Council of State Garden Clubs?
line, mass, line-mass
Who first developed the "rules" of the floral design?
English of the Victorian Era
What are the four types or shapes of plant material?
line, form, mass, filler
The art of any period of civilization reflects the tastes and ideas of that time and place. In general, ________ and ________ flower arrangements have emphasized mass and color.
Mediterranean, Europe
________ is represented by strong geometric lines and forms. They are highly stylized and are often thought to mimic Egyptian and Aztec cultures as well as being influenced by the contemporary society.
Art Deco
_________ is curvilinear lines, cascading works, with nature's patterns of plants and flowers depicted either in the arrangement or in the container.
Art Nouveau
The most common type of florist ribbon used is a waterproof ________ with a ________ edge.
sanitized acetate, fused
Tertiary colors are the ________ mixture of a primary and secondary color next to it.
equal
________ harmony combines three colors equi-distant on the wheel forming a triangle such as red, blue and yellow.
Triadic
The most important consideration in setting up an irrigation system is water ________.
quality
One of the most important factors is the electrical conductivity (EC), a measure of soluble salts. Water with a low EC, ________ mS/cm, will give the greatest number of irrigation options and will help reduce future problems from the accumulation of high
0.1-0.5
The ________ the alkalinity level, the ________ the pH of soilless medium will ________.
higher; quicker; increase
Each plant has an optimum temperature range. In general, if you were to lump all floriculture crops together, you would find the optimum range is from 35-50oF (2-10oC) on the lower side and ________oF (________oC) on the upper side.
65-85; 18-29
Bonzi are one of the more ________ PGRs (plant growth regulators).
active
For the traditional florist, the term "________" is meant to promote the sale of flowers by offering a variety of products in a variety of ways.
marketing
________ are green plastic tube-like reservoirs with rubber caps into which the flower stem is inserted.
Water Picks
________ are attached with a heavy-duty picking machine. A sharp, pointed, barbed shaft is attached to the flower or foliage.
Metal Picks
________ are available in green and natural colors. They are pointed on one end for easy insertion with or without attached wires on the other end.
Wood Picks
________ involve tubing that provides water to individual pots.
Spaghetti tubes
Plant growth is dependent on _____ essential elements, often referred to as nutrients.
17
National Poinsettia Day is December _____, the anniversary of the death of Joel Robert Poinsett.
12
________ is a feathered single flower made from the florets of a gladiolus flower.
Glamellia
A ________ is defined as having a ________ occurring, unique set of characteristics and is separated from other closely related species by location, flowering time and so on.
plant species; naturally
Mineral soil is _____ to _____ times heavier than the other components used in growing media.
10; 50
There are several mold genera that are found in bark. The most problematic is a/an ________ slime mold.
Ostracoderma
Growers commonly use three types of pinches: ________, ________ and ________.
soft pinch; hard pinch; cutting back
The common name for an Anigozanthos (Labill) is ________.
Kangaroo-Paw
The Christmas Pepper's scientific name is ________.
Capsicum annuum L.
The Lilium longiflorum are produced on the ________ around the ________ border.
west coast; Oregon-California
What is the proper term to describe the cold treatment which lasts several weeks and precedes initiation of flower buds?
Vernalization
What causes the following symptoms in poinsettias? The margins of leaves halfway up the stem become chlorotic, presenting a silhouette appearance and then quickly become necrotic.
molybdenum deficiencies
What causes the following symptoms? Incomplete formation of flower parts such as fewer petals, small petals, sudden wilting; or collapse of petals, and notches of tissue missing in flower stems, leaf petioles, or stems.
boron deficiencies
What causes the following symptoms? The margins of older leaves become necrotic with a characteristic reddish-brown color. Necrotic spots may also develop across the leaf blade but tend to be concentrated at the margins.
boron toxicities
What causes the following symptoms? Young leaves develop interveinal chlorosis; however, the tips and lobes of these leaves may remain green. Next, the youngest fully expanded leaves rapidly become necrotic. The sudden death of these leaves resembles desi
copper deficiencies
The ADT formula is:
ADT=(day temperature x hours) + (night temperatures x hours) + 24
The common name for Anemone coronaria L. is ________.
Anemone
The Christmas Peppers take ________ from seeding to sales for 4 inch (10 cm) speciments when seeded in the spring and summers.
14 weeks
Lily bulb production requires _____ to _____ growth in the field, depending on size and whether scale production is used or plants are started from bulblets (small bulbs formed around the belowground stem above the bulb).
two; four years
________ are the most profitable major holiday pot plant crop produced.
Easter Lilies
In regard to the Lilium longiflorum, how many weeks to finish after vernalization?
16
Nature provides protection for plants to prevent them from becoming top heavy and unstable. ________ is the principle that provides this protection; it describes the hierarchy that has evolved in the plant world that makes certain that a plant's architect
Apical dominance
Mother's Day was first celebrated on the second Sunday in May in Lincoln, Nebraska, in ________. It quickly caught on as a widespread holiday in other states.
1908
An S-shaped line mass design is a ________ curve.
Hogarth
A ________ is an area located in the lower half of the design that ties or visually pulls an arrangement together.
center of interest
An equilateral triangle-shaped arrangement will be as ________ as it is ________.
tall; wide
The right-triangular floral design is constructed in a manner similar to the ________ design.
equilateral-triangle
________ makes an excellent centerpiece because it is attractive when viewed from either the front or the back.
Horizontal design