Assessment
Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder
diagnosis
� The process of determining whether or not a particular problem afflicting an individual meets all the criteria for a psychological disorder, as set forth in the DSM V
International Classification of Diseases (10th edition, Clinical Modification)
used world wide for mortality statistics, and reimbursement in medicine
Homosexuality
Prior to the DSMIIIR- ________ was listed as a disorder
Major Disorders, Personality Disorders, General Medical Conditions, Psychosocial, Global
Axis I: _________ ________ Axis II: ________ ________ and MR
Axis III: ________ ______ _____ Axis IV: ____________ and Environmental Problems
Axis V: _______ Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) .... 0 to 100 (Lower is worse: ranges from persistent dange
3, GAF
-DSM-5 combined the first _____ DSM-IV-TR axes
-_____ has been replaced
psychological test
a device or procedure used to measure variables related to psychology
psychological assessment
Integrating psychological data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation.
Accomplished through the clinical interview, mental status exam (MSE), psychological tests, and behavioral observations
psychological assessment, interview, behavior, mental, psychological
psychological assessment: (Multomodal)
1. Clinical ______ and ______ Observation (widely used and flexible, structured and unstructured)
2. _____ Status Exam (20 minutes)
3. ______ Testing
clinical interview
researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's demographic info, reason(s) for diagnostic visit, psychiatric and medical history, family history, previous level of functioning
mental status exam
(5-20 minutes)
?Appearance
? Behavioral disturbance, verbal and non-verbal
? Orientation x 3 (person, place and time)
? Memory, long term and recent
? Perceptions
? Mood or Affect
? Intelligence
? Thought: Form and Content
? Insight
? Judgment
behavioral observation
monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions
-formal vs. informal
-self monitoring vs. others observing
-reactivity, observer error, ecologica
antecedent, behavior, consequence
Behavioral Assessment:
-Text's ABC's of Observation
Stimulus situation, organismic variables, responses, consequences that reinforce the behavior
Behavioral Assessment:
SORC chain
Reliability
consistency of measurement, including diagnostic decisions
-Types: Test-retest reliability and inner-rater reliability (agreement among raters)
Validity
refers to the meaning or importance of a measurement
- a test is considered valid when it measures what it purports to measure
-Types:
-Concurrent or descriptive validity- comparing the result of one assessment with the result of another assessment
-predi
projective, neurological or neuroimaging, neuropsychological, personality, vineland adaptive behavior scales
Types of Testing
projective testing
unstructured stimuli are presented to a subject; subject projects meaning or structure onto the stimuli; projections reveal hidden motives, unconscious thoughts and feelings (Rorschach Ink Blot Test) (Thematic Apperception Test)
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Neurological or Neuroimaging
assesses the structure and function of the brain
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp; main use is research into diagnosis of epilepsy, and sleep disorders
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
Structural neuroimaging; well accepted imaging modality for the entire body; uses thousands of narrow band x-rays to pass through the tissue . at different angles; CT used to detect major structural problems; ex. large brain tumor involving the left front
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Structural neuroimaging � Uses magnetic fields and radio frequency energy � Hydrogen atoms respond by emitting energy that the machine uses to construct the image � Better resolution than CAT scan � EXAMPLE: right brain showing ventricular enlargement in
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Functional Neuroimaging � Patients injected with a radioactive substance � Substance emits positrons that collide with tissue to emit gamma rays detected by device � Gives images of cerebral blood flow � Shows which areas are most active
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Looks at functions using oxygen uptake � fMRI looks at hemoglobin (the blood protein that binds to oxygen) - in this way, it can measure the oxygen used by the brain, and the most active brain areas use the most oxygen.
neuropsychological tests
assesses the likelihood and nature of brain dysfunction
neuropsychological testing
assessment of...
Short-term and long-term memory � Ability to learn new skills and solve problems � Attention, concentration, and distractibility � Logical and abstract reasoning functions � Ability to understand and express language � Visual-spatial orga
Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test
? Hutt and Briskin (1960) Scoring System: - 12 "essential discriminators" or errors - Subsumed under five factors ? Organization (i.e. collision) ? Size (i.e. cohesion) ? Changes in the form of gestalt (i.e. closure difficulty) ? Distortion of the gestalt
Collision, Cohesion, Closure Difficulty, Rotation, Motor Incoordination
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test:
when figures are drawn so that they actually overlap or collide; isolated increase or decrease in the size of a figure or part of a figure in relation to the other figures; shows repeated difficulty in getting parts of fi
behavioral observation
In Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt:
________ ___________
Evidence of fatigue - Insufficient attention to stimulus - Extremely rapid and careless execution - Extreme care and deliberation - Dissatisfaction expressed for poorly executed drawings or repeated uns
Wisconsin Card Sort Test
-Widely used by psychiatrists, neurologists, and neuropsychologists in patients with acquired brain injury, neurodegenerative disease and mental illness; 12-20 minutes to complete
- Patients with any sort of frontal lobe lesion do poorly at the test
- The
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes; reliable and valid;
-567 se
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Assesses personal and social skills in children.
-Communication (receptive, expressive, written)
-Daily living skills (personal, domestic, community)
- Socialization (interpersonal relationships, play and leisure time, coping skills)
- Motor Skills (gross