1)What is the role of the central nervous system?
2)What are the 3 subdivisions of the central nervous system?
1) To provide overall control of body function
2) Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What are the cells of the nervous system called?
2) What are they responsible for?
3) What is action potential? What happens during this?
4) How is this related to a synapse?
5) What is a synapse?
1) Neurons
2) Responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain and from one body part to another
3) The nerves threshold of stimulus. When an impulse reaches the threshold, the impulse travels along the neuron at a constant rate.
4) When an impu
DEPOLARIZATION/REPOLARIZATION:
1) Explain depolarization.
2) What substance is often the material moving in and out of the membrane?
3) What is the wave of polarization?
4) Explain repolarization.
5) How does this relate to local anesthetics?
1) The outside of a nerve membrane is positively charged. When those charges move into the membrane, the outside is left negatively charged.
2) Na+ ions
3) The movement of changing charges during depolarization.
4) After the nerve impulse passes through t
SYNAPSES:
1) What is a terminal button?
2) What are pre-synaptic and post-synaptic?
3) What is a synaptic cleft?
4) What substance is this product dependent on?
5) What action does this substance have?
1) The bulge at the end of the nerve, that touches the next nerve.
2) The nerve before and after the synapse that is active.
3) The gap between two nerves, which a nerve impulse must 'jump across' to communicate with the next nerve.
4) Neurotransmitters
5
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What is the central nervous system, and what does it consist of?
2) What are the parts of the CNS? (4 parts)
1) It is the overall control center of the body, consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
2) Cerebral Cortex, Core of the Brain, Cerebellum, and the Brainstem.
CEREBRAL CORTEX:
1) How many parts does it have?
2) What are its main responsibilities? (6 things)
1) 2 parts- paired cerebral hemispheres.
2) Essential functions- thought, learning, memory, consciousness, feeling of sensation (such as pain or heat), and initiation of muscle movement.
CORE OF THE BRAIN:
1) What is its main purpose?
2) What does one of the core's components do?
3) What can other important structures in the core do?
1) Impulses pass through the core on their way to or from the cerebral cortex.
2) It serves as a relay station between sensory inputs from the periphery of the body to the cerebral cortex.
3) They play important roles in the body's autonomic (automatic) f
CEREBELLUM:
1) What is the purpose?
1) It is the coordinating center for both sensory receptors (vision, hearing) and coordination of movement.
BRAINSTEM:
1) Where is this located?
2) What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
3) What important control centers does it contain?
4) What else does it contain, and what does this do?
1) Between the brains core and the spinal cord (inferiorly).
2) midbrains, pons, medulla oblongata.
3) Autonomic (automatic) nervous system.
4) Reticular formation, responsible for consciousness or arousal.
BRAINSTEM:
1) What does the lower portion of the brainstem contain?
2) What does the pons do?
3) What does the medulla do?
1) Pons and medulla.
2) It connects to the the cerebellum, and controls coordination and movement.
3) Contains centers which control blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory, and digestion.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What does this system consist of?
2) What are sensory nerves?
3) What are motor nerves?
4) What are the two main components of this system?
1) Nerves, which carry impulses away from the CNS to parts of the body, and carry impulses from the periphery back to the the CNS.
2) Nerves that bring messages from the environments back to the CNS (such as touch and pain).
3) Nerves that send out respon
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- Cranial Nerves
1) What are they?
2) What are the cranial nerves which are exclusively sensory?
3) Which nerve is both sensory and motor?
4) Which nerve is primarily a motor nerves?
5) Which nerve is a primary concern with local
1) Nerves that start at the base of the brain.
2) Optic nerve (sight), Olfactory nerve (smell), Auditory nerve (sound).
3) Trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensation to teeth and jaw, and has a motor branch which supplies the muscles of mastication.
4) Fa
CRANIAL NERVE, TRIGEMINAL NERVE: Mandible
1) What are the 3 branches of the nerve?
2) What nerves are anesthetized when working on the mandible? What is this injection called?
3) What areas does this affect?
1) Opthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular.
2) Inferior alveolar and lingual nerves. Mandibular block.
3) Mandibular teeth, chin, lips, half of the tongue, and the floor of the mouth.
CRANIAL NERVE, TRIGEMINAL NERVE: Maxilla
1) If teeth are not infiltrated individually, what types of blocks can be used?
2) What do each of these nerves supply?
1) Posterior superior alveolar, greater palatine, and nasopalatine.
2) Posterior Superior Alveolar- posterior portion of the maxilla. Greater Palatine- posterior palate. Nasopalatine- anterior palate.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What does this regulate? What is this regulation called?
2) What has this system also been called?
3) What are the two subdivisions of this system?
1) It adjusts functions of the organs to keep the body in a constant state, such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, body temperature, water balance, etc. This is called homeostasis.
2) Involuntary or automatic nervous system.
3) Sympathetic and par
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, Sympathetic Nervous System:
1) What does this system do?
2) What important thing does this system maintain? How does it do this?
3) What chemical does this system use to cause action? What is this a close relative of?
4) What are
1) It prepared the body for intense physical activity in response to stress.
2) The blood pressure. The sympathetic system in the medulla maintains vasoconstrictor tone, which controls blood vessel diameter.
3) Norepinephrine, closely related to epinephri
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, Sympathetic Nervous System:
1) What are the two subgroups of this system?
2) What are the two sections of the second subgroup?
1) Alpha (vasoconstriction of arteries and veins) and Beta (big organs)
2) #1- Heart, increases heart rate and strength of contractions. #2 Lung, causes bronchodilation.
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What does this system do?
2) What chemical does this system use? What are the actions of this system called?
3) What drugs do we use that counteracts this?
4) How does this system regulate blood press and heart rate?
5)
1) Creates a vegetative state, such as slowing the heart, increased salivary secretion, and increased digestion.
2)Acetylcholine. Cholinergic.
3) Glycopyrrolate or atropine.
4) Receptors in the walls of the aorta, carotid artery, and ventricles of the hea
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
1) What do the anesthetic drugs utilized in OMS affect?
2) What do barbiturates and propofol do, and what does this result in?
3) What does ketamine do, and what does this affect?
4) What can anticholinergic drug
1) They affect the vital centers in the medulla and the pons that are associated with the autonomic nervous center.
2) They depress the vital centers, resulting in hypotension and respiratory depression.
3) This stimulates the vital centers and causes an
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
1) Why is epinephrine put into local anesthetics?
2) How are autonomic drugs, such as epinephrine, useful in medical or anesthetic emergencies?
3) How is epinephrine used?
4) How is ephedrine used? How are adrene
1) It causes vasoconstriction, which decreases 'wash-out' of the anesthetic from the area, and helps control bleeding.
2) They can emulate or interfere with normal autonomic functions to help manage the emergency.
3) It is used in cardiac arrest to reesta
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
1) How is atropine used in bradycardia?
2) What are the roles of the cholinergic receptors in the heart, which normally receive acetylcholine?
3) How does atropine affect this?
4) What does this do to treat brady
1) It counteracts the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the parasympathetic receptor sites in the heart.
2) To maintain the heart rate at a decreased heart level and keep it in check.
3) It blocks acetylcholine, which stops the parasympathetic 'braking' a
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
1) How much blood can the heart pump per minute?
2) What kind of muscle is the heart made of? Why is this special?
3) What is this ability called?
1) 5 quarts
2) Myocardium, it can contract on its own without stimulation by nerves.
3) Automaticity.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- UPPER CHAMBERS:
1) How many chambers does the heart have?
2) What are the upper chambers?
3)Where do they receive blood from?
4) Which one receives oxygen-rich blood?
1) 4.
2) The right and left atria.
3) The left atrium receives blood from the lung though the pulmonary vein. The right atrium receives blood from the body.
4) The left atrium.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- LOWER CHAMBERS:
1) What are the lower chambers? Where do they receive their blood from?
2) What are the physical differences between these and the atria?
3) Where does the right ventricle send blood to?
4) Where does the left ventri
1) The right and left ventricles. From the atria.
2) Ventricle chambers are larger and have thicker walls.
3) The right ventricle send blood to the lung to be oxygenated.
4) The left ventricle send blood to the body or peripheral circulation.
5) The left
VESSELS AND VALVES:
1) Which side of the heart is filled with oxygenated blood?
2) What 3 sources does the right atrium receive blood from?
3) What additional source is the only one that returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart?
4) What step is this in bloo
1) The left side.
2) Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and from the heart via the Coronary Sinus.
3) Pulmonary vein, which comes directly from the lungs.
4) The first step.
VESSELS AND VALVES:
1) What is the second step in blood circulation?
2) What valve does this pass through?
3) How much pressure does this require?
1) After the right atrium fills with blood, it contracts and forces blood into the right ventricle.
2) Tricuspid valve.
3) It is the lowest in the heart, has very little resistance.
VESSELS AND VALVES:
1) What is the third step in blood circulation?
2) What is unique about the pulmonary artery?
1) The right ventricle contracts, causing the tricuspid valve to close, and forces the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, which goes to the lungs.
2) It is the only artery that carries oxygen-depleted blood.
VESSELS AND VALVES:
1) What is the fourth step in blood circulation?
2) What part of the RBC is responsible for releasing the waste products, and picking up oxygen?
3) Where does blood go after it as become oxygen saturated?
1) Blood arrives at the lungs to be re-oxygenated.
2) Hemoglobin.
3) It returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
VESSELS AND VALVES:
1) After the left atrium fills and contracts, where does it go next?
2) What are the final steps in blood circulation?
1) It passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
2) The left ventricle contracts,closing the mitral valve and forcing the blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta. This blood goes to the body.
1) Right atrium receives oxygen depleted blood from the body.
2) Right atrium contracts, blood flow through tricuspid valve into right ventricle.
3) Right ventricle contracts, blood flows through pulmonary artery to the lungs.
4) Blood is re-oxygenated at
What are the steps of circulation?
CARDIAC ISSUES:
1) What is back flow from a malfunctioning valve called when heard with a stethoscope?
2) What 2 things can cause a heart murmur?
3) How do we test for these things?
1) Heart murmur.
2) Valves can be damaged from a previous sickness, or from mitral valve prolapse, where the valve swings back slightly during closure.
3) Echocardiogram.
CARDIAC ISSUES:
1) What are the numerous vessels that pierce the myocardium called? What do many heart problems result from?
2) What is ischemia?
3) What is angina pectoris? How is it relieved?
4) What is a much more serious problem from poor coronary cir
1) Coronary arteries and veins. From faulty or reduced coronary circulation.
2) When reduced oxygen supply damages heart cells, but does not cause necrosis.
3) Chest pain, this is what results from ischemia. Nitroglycerine relives this.
4) Myocardial infa
ARTERIES AND VEINS:
1) What do arteries turn into as they leave the heart? What is their final destination?
2) How do these connect back to the heart?
1) Arterioles, and then capillaries. They exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other waste from the cells of the body.
2) Capillaries connect to venules, which are the smallest veins. These turn into small veins, then larger veins, and finally into the th
ARTERIES AND VEINS:
1) What are the major differences between arteries and veins?
2) What does the layer of muscle do? Which happens during a sympathetic stimulation? What happens after the stimulation disappears?
3) What is a lumen?
4) What is vasoconstr
1) Arteries have much thicker walls to handle press of blood flow. They are more elastic an have a muscular layer around them.
2) It can expand and contract the artery. It contracts the arterial wall. The artery expands.
3) It is the hollow core of the ar
HEART RHYTHM:
1)When does the diastolic and systolic pressures occur?
2) What is the stroke volume?
3)What is the cardiac output?
1) Diastolic occurs after the atria contract and send blood into the ventricles. When the ventricles relax this is the diastolic pressure. Systolic occurs when the ventricles contract and send blood to the lungs. The pressure in the arteries is the systol
HEART RHYTHM:
1) What is the cardiac cycle?
2) What is the normal amount of beats per minute?
3) What is it called of the rate is too low, or high?
1) One contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles, followed by a short pause.
2) 60-100.
3) Lower than 60 is called bradycardia. Higher than 100 is called tachycardia.
HEART CONDUCTION:
1) What controls the automaticity of the heart?
2) What is this node called because of this ability?
3) What happens if this node is not functioning correctly? Does this work as well?
1) The sinoatrial node.
2) The 'pacemaker'.
3) Other 'ectopic pacemakers' can take over. No, the lower in the heart they are located, the less beats per minute they produce.
HEART CONDUCTION:
1) What is the node located between the atria and ventricles called?
2) What step is this node in creating a heart contraction?
3) Where is the impulse sent after it reaches this point?
4) What are the fibers that divide in this area cal
1) Atrioventricular node.
2) The second step, after the stimulation of the sinoatrial node.
3) It is transmitted through the 'bundle of His', and branches left and right into the ventricles and causes them to contract.
4) Purkinje fiber system.
HEART CONDUCTION:
1)How can the heart be stimulated by the autonomic nervous system, instead of by itself?
2) What drug is released which causes this?
1) The medulla had a cardiac control center, with a group of neurons called cardioacceleratory center. They have sympathetic nervous system fibers which connect down the spine, and then to the SA node. When they are stimulated, they can cause an increase
HEART CONDUCTION:
1) How can the parasympathetic nervous system slow down heart rate?
2) What drug is released which causes this?
3) What are rhythms that start from SA node impulse called?
1) The cardioinhibatory center in the medulla stimulates the vagus nerve, which connects to the SA node. This slows the heart rate.
2) Acetylcholine.
3) Sinus rhythms.
CARDIAC MONITORING:
1) What is Normal Sinus Rhythm?
2) What is hypoxia? What does this produce on an EKG?
3)What is an EKG actually monitoring?
1) A normal heart tracing on an EKG.
2) When the heart is experiencing a lack of oxygen. Dysrhythmias, or abnormal tracings.
3) The wave of depolarization and repolarization of the heart.
CARDIAC MONITORING:
1)What does the 'P' wave represent?
2) What is the QRS complex? What number per minute does this equal?
3) What does the 'T' wave represent?
4) Where do we see reflections of myocardial irritability, or dysrythmias?
1) Depolarization, which produces the muscular contraction of the atria.
2) The activity produced by ventricular contractions. The heart rate.
3) Repolarization, which makes the ventricles ready to contract again.
4) In the QRS complex.
BLOOD VESSELS OF HEAD AND NECK:
1) List the path of blood after it leaves the brachiocephalic artery on the right side of the heart.
2) Where does blood go after leaving the brachiocephalic artery on the left side?
3) Why are the right and left common car
1) The brachiocephalic artery branches into the common carotid artery, which goes to the right side of the neck, and the right subclavian artery, which goes into the right arm.
2) The left common carotid artery branches directly off the artery and goes in
EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY:
Where do these branches supply?
Lingual
Facial
Maxillary
Inferior Alveolar
*Lingual- tongue and floor of the mouth
*Facial- behind the angle of the mandible to the first and second molars, and the external aspects of the face
*Maxillary- internal aspects of the face, such as maxilla, sinuses, maxillary teeth and portions of the
SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK:
1) What vein is the first step in bringing blood back to the heart from the face? What is this divided into?
2) What are the next steps?
1) The facial vein. Three tributaries, which drain blood from the face, under the nose, and the eyelids.
2) The facial vein meets the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein. They enter the internal jugular vein.
DEEP VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK:
1) Where do the deep components of the venous system start, and what is it called?
2) What does this network surround?
3) Where does this drain into?
1) Behind the maxilla, called the pterygoid plexus.
2) The maxillary artery.
3) It drains into the maxillary vein, which ears to the retromandibular vein.