Established norms of conduct in performing research that distinguish between morally acceptable and unacceptable behavior
bioethics
Question that is developed to be answered by a study
hypothesis
Ethical consideration that requires educating a subject in a research study to be educated about the study's purpose, duration, experimental procedures, alternatives, risks, and benefits
informed consent
Entity charged with reviewing the ethical implications of every research study
institutional review board (IRB)
Examination of all pertinent reports and studies to determine what is currently known about a specific topic or issue
literature review
Initial negative statement of belief about the value of a population parameter, for example, that two groups do not differ on as to a variable
null hypothesis
Protocol or detailed plan for a study
research proposal
Technique used when selecting a sample from a population to study
sampling techniques
Body of techniques using observation, reason, and experimentation to gather evidence that is empirical and measurable
scientific method
3 main components that make up the research proposal
research question, literature review, research study design
Every possible subject is selected independently and has an equal chance of being selected for the project
random sample
Samples every nth subject, which can be determined by dividing the total population size by the desired sampling size
systematic technique
Size of sample that is the most accurate representation of the population
large
Composed of individuals who are most readily available to be selected for the study
convenience sample
An intact group is a _____ of subjects that is already together, such as children in a classroom
convenient group
A clinician who understands a study's purpose and uses personal judgement to select patients to represent typical patients creates ___
selection bias
Effective for action research, which in relation to health care involve the reflective evaluation of current community programs designed to improve health practices and behaviors by changing them
judgmental samples
The research project may have been conducted entirely by one researcher called the
_____
principal investigator
Research should ideally represent a cross-section of the population with regard to....
gender, race, age, ethnicity
2 types of samples that can result in selection bias
judgmental, convenience
IRB has 2 responsibilities. 1st to ensure rights/safety of subjects protected. What is the 2nd?
to protect institution/researchers from lawsuits & ensure research not flawed because study was unethically unsound
IRB holds researchers accountable to the ..
public
Evidence-based decisions come from research, practice, and ...
patient preferences
T/F Informed consent is an ongoing process that is initially obtained at the first step of the research process. It should be discussed in a group setting
1st = true 2nd = false
Type of sample that involves choosing every subject independently and all subjects have an equal chance of being selected
random
No statistically significant difference exists between Brand X and Brand Y toothpaste in the reduction of tooth decay: is an example of a ...
null hypothesis
Data analysis involves ...
analyzing the data
____ a sample provides additional data from studies by breaking the sample into population
stratifying
A body of techniques that uses observation, reason, and experimentation to gather evidence that is empirical and measurable is termed
scientific methods
Evidence-based treatment takes into account research, clinical practice, and:
patient preferences
Waiting to professionally apply fluoride until after a prophy was provided was based upon which of the following types of evidence
anecdotal
Which type of disinfectant removes the most pathogens is an example of a(n):
positive hypothesis
Brand X significantly reduces halitosis is an example of a(n):
positive hypothesis
Brand X does not significantly reduce halitosis is an example of a(n):
null hypothesis
Does brand X toothpaste really reduce dentinal hypersensitivity is an example of a(n):
research question
A detailed plan for the study is called a(n):
research proposal
A review of all relevant reports and findings, which is conducted before the research study, is called a(n):
literature review
The head researcher who is responsible for the entire research project is called a
principal investigator
What is done to break samples into populations?
stratifying
A sample is used when conducting research to study a:
population
Sampling every 'nth' subject is called:
systematic
A sample of individuals that is most readily available is referred to as which type of sampling?
convenience
No single research study can be applied beyond the _____ that was studied?
population
The field of bioethics has its origins with which physician?
Hippocrates
The entity charged with reviewing research proposals for purposes of ethics is called a(n):
Institutional review board
The Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) helps ensure:
patient confidentiality
Which government entity has a primary role in oral health research?
federal
All dental hygienists should be cognizant about
research design
5 components of a research study
hypothesis, research proposal, sampling techniques, data analysis & interpretation, research conclusions & publication
Type of sample that provides the most external validity and prevents the possibility of selection bias by the researcher
random sample
Purposive sampling where the researcher selects who they want in the study. Has a great deal of bias
judgmental sampling
Includes plagiarism, copyright or patent infringement, falsifying or fabricating data, misrepresenting data, and conflict of interest
research misconduct
The one exception to obtaining informed consent is _____
when using surveys or questionnaires