Quantitative
Counts, ratios, prevalence, and incidence are all what type of measure?
Formative
Which type of evaluation refers to the internal evaluation of a program and is usually conducted in program planning?
Summative
Which type of evaluation judges the merit of a program after its implementation?
Nonclinical evaluations
Which type of evaluation technique is a method that does not involve measurement of clinical data, such as questionnaires, surveys, and direct observations?
Clinical evaluations
Which type of evaluation technique uses methods that measure clinical data, such as dental indices and basic screenings?
Dental mirror, dental light, and detailed visual-tactile assessment of the oral cavity with dental instruments
Of what does an epidemiological exam consist?
Type III
Which type of screening is the most commonly used in public health programs and uses an explorer, mouth mirror, and adequate light?
This is a standardized method used to describe individual or group status in reference to an oral condition
What is a dental index?
Irreversible index
Which dental index measures conditions that will not change, such as dental caries?
Simple index
Which dental index measures the presence or absence of a condition?
Cumulative index
Which dental index measures all the evidence of a condition, past and present?
Reversible index
Which dental index measures conditions that can be changed, such as plaque?
Dean's index of fluorosis
Which dental fluorosis index rates fluorosis within a population and ranges from sensitive to severe cases?
Deft or defs
Which dental caries index is used to find the status of decay, extractions, and filled primary teeth or tooth surfaces?
CPITN
Which periodontal disease index is meant to screen and monitor individual or group periodontal treatment needs in a quick and efficient manner?
GI
Which gingival index is used to assess the severity of gingivitis based on color, consistency, and bleeding on probing?
SBI
Which gingival bleeding index is used to locate areas of gingival sulcus bleeding upon gently probing?
Pl I
Which plaque, debris, and/or calculus index is used to assess thickness of plaque at the gingival margin?
Type IV
Which type of screening uses a tongue depressor, available light, is the least valid type used, and produces the most false negatives?
Index
This is a graduated numeric scale with upper and lower limits; scores on the scale correspond to a specific criterion for individuals and populations
simple, inexpensive, quick, objective, and can be reproduced
a good index is...
plaque index
This measures the thickness of biofilm at the cervical area of teeth
plaque control record
This shows the presence of biofilm on individual tooth surfaces for patient to see progress when learning biofilm control
plaque free score
This shows the location, number and percentage of biofilm free surfaces (for patient motivation and instruction)
patient hygiene performance
This shows the extent of deposit on tooth surface; surface divided into 5 areas
bleeding
This is an early sign of gingival inflammation
Calibration
The agreement with a set standard of performance; determination of accuracy and consistency between examiners to standardize procedures and gain reliability of recorded findings.
Community oral health assessment
A multifaceted process of identifying factors that affect the oral health status of a selected population.
Data
Pieces of information collected using measurements and/or counts.
Data collection
The process of gathering information (through the use of tools such as dental indicies)
Epidemiology
The study of relationships of various factors that determine the frequency and distribution of diseases in the human community; the study of health and disease in populations.
Incidence
The rate at which a certain event occurs, as the number of new cases of a specific disease occurring during a certain period of time
Indicator
A factor that typically characterizes a disease or health condition; a factor measured and analyzed to describe health status. Dental indicies described in the chapter measure oral health indicators.
Pilot study
A trial run of a planned study using a small sample to pretest an instrument, survey or questionnaire
Placebo
An inactive substance or preparation with no intrinsic therapeutic value given to satisfy a patient's symbolic need for drug therapy; used in controlled research studies in a form identical in apperance to the material being tested.
Prevalence
The total number of cases of a specific disease or condition in existence in a given population at a certain time
Ramfjord Index Teeth
Teeth used for epidemiologicstudies of periodontal diseases
Reliability
Ability of an index or test procedure to measure consistently at different times and under a variety of conditions: reproducibility, consistency
Sample
A portion or subset of an entire population
Screening
Assessment of many individuals to disclose certain characteristics or diseases in a population
Individual screening
Brief assessment for initial evaluation and classification of need for additional examinations and treatment planning
Status
Refers to the state or conditions of an individual or population
Surveillance
The ongoing systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in planning, implementing and evaluating the effect of public health programs and practices
Validity
The ability of an index or test procedure to measure what it is intended to measure.
determine and record
Indices and scoring are used in communities and in a clinical setting to ___ and ___ the state of health of individuals and groups.
In clinical practice, an index, biofilm record or scoring system for an individual patient which can be used for
1. Education,
2. Motivation and
3. Evaluation.
The purpose of the Individual assessment score is __?
1. To provide individual assessment to help a patient recognize an oral problem
2. To reveal the degree of effectiveness of present oral hygiene practices
3. To motivate the person in preventitive and professional care for the eliminationand control of or
The uses of the Individual assessment score are __?
To determine the effect of an agent or procedure on the prevention, progression, or control of a disease
The purpose of a clinical trial is __?
1. To determine baseline data before experimental factors are introduced
2. To measure the effectiveness of specific agents for the prevention, control or treatment of oral conditions
3. To measure the effectiveness of mechanical devices for personal care
The uses of a clinical trial are __?
The study of disease characteristics of a diseased population (example: plaque control of 1st grade students)
The purpose of an Epidemiologic Survey is __?
1. To determine the prevalence or incidence of a condition
2. To provide baseline data
3. Access community needs (like in a school or nursing home)
4. Compares the effects of a community prograam then evaluates the results
The uses of an Epidemiological survey are __?
Index
This is an expression of clinical observations in numeric values
1. Simple Index
2. Cumulative Index
What are the general descriptive categories of indices?
Measures the presence or absence of a condition (ie is plaque present)
What is a simple index?
Measures the whole condition past and present.
What is a cumulative index?
Reversible and Irreversible
What are the types of simple and cumulative indices?
The measurement of a non-changing condition (ie a missing tooth)
An irreversible indice is __?
The measurement of a changing condition (ie plaque removal)
A reversible indice is __?
1. Is simple to use and calculate
2. Requires minimal equipment and expense
3. Uses a minimal amount of time to complete
4. Does not cause patient discomfort not is otherwise unacceptable to a patient
5. Has a clear cut criteria this is easy to understand
A useful and effective index has the following selection criteria __?
1. Plaque index
2. Plaque control record
3. Plaque free score
4. Patient hygiene performance (PHP)
5. Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S)
What are the indices that measure oral hygiene status?
1. Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR)
2. Community Periodontal Index (CPI)
3. Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI)
4. Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI)
5. Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index (EIBI)
6. Gingival Index (GI)
What are the indices that measure gingival and periodontal health?
1. Permanant Dentition: Decayed, Missing and filled teeth (DMFT) or Surfaces (DMFS)
2. Primiary Dentition: Decayed, Indicated for Extraction, and Filled
3. Primary Dentition: Decayed, Missing and Filled
4. Early Childhood Caries (ECC and S-ECC)
5. Root Ca
What are the indices that measure dental caries experience?
1. Dean's flourosis index
2. Tooth surface index of fluorosis (TSIF)
What are the indices that measure dental flourosis
1. Mirror
2. Probe or Explorer
In order to perform the plaque index one must have which tools?
1. Examine the 4 gingival areas (DFML) for each tooth along the cervical 1/3 of the tooth and assign a score of 0-3 based on the amount of biofilm found.
2. Take the total score of each surface and add it together for a total number for each individual to
The plaque index is calculated by __?
Record the presence of dental biofilm on individaul tooth surfaces to permit the patient to visualize progress while learning biofilm control
The purpose of the plaque control record is to __?
Assess the thickness of biofilm at the gingival margin
The purpose of the plaque index is to __?
Determine the location, number and percentage of biofilm-free surfaces for individual motivation and instruction. Interdental bleeding can also be documented
The purpose of the plaque-free score is to __?
To access the extent of plaque and debris over a tooth surface
The purpose of the patient hygiene performance is to __?
3,8,14,19,24,30
Which teeth are used for the patient hygiene performance indice?
Patient Hygiene Performance
Which indice divides the tooth into 5 subdivisions?
Simplified Oral Hygiene Index
Which indice assesses the oral cleanliness by estimating the tooth surface covered with debris and/or calculus?
To assess the state of periodontal health in a rapid and effective manner and to motivate the patient to seek neccesary complete perio assessment and treatment
What is the purpose of the Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) indice?
1. PSR or Periodontal Screening and Recording
2. Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs
Which indice requires a special probe?
Clinical Abnormality
What does the asterisk mean on the PSR?
To screen and monitor individual or group periodontal needs
What is the purpose of the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs?
1. The Patient Hygiene Performance and the
2. Gingival Bleeding Index.
What are the 2 indexes are used most often?
To assess the oral cleanliness by estimating the tooth surface covered with debris and/or calculus
What is the purpose of the simplified oral hygiene index?
To screen and monitor individual or group periodontal treatment needs
What is the purpose of the periodontal index of treatment needs?
To record the presence or absence of gingival inflammation as determined by bleeding from INTERPROXIMAL gingival sulci
What is the purpose of the gingival bleeding index?
1. the Gingival Bleeding Index
2. Eastman Interdental Bleeding index
Which indices focus on interproximal areas?
To assess the severity of gingivitis based on color, consistency and bleeding on probing
What is the purpose of the gingival index?
To assess the presence of inflammation in the interdental area by the presence or absence of bleeding
What is the purpose of the Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index?
the Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index
Which indice uses a wooden interdental cleaner?
To access the severity of gingivitis based on color, consistency, and bleeding on probing
What is the purpose of the Gingival Index?
To determine the total dental caries experience, past and present - examines each tooth
What is the purpose of the Decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth index?
To determine the total dental caries experience, past and present - examines tooth surfaces
What is the purpose of the Decayed, missing, and filled permanent tooth surfaces index?
To determine the dental caries experience past and present for children older than seven and up to twelve years of age
What is the purpose of the decayed, missing and filled indice?
To determine the dental caries experience as shown for the primary teeth present in the oral cavity by evaluating teeth or surfaces
What is the purpose of the Decayed, Indicated for Extractions, and Filled Teeth for Surfaces indice?
To determine the dental caries experience past and present for children older than seven and up to eleven or twelve years of age
What is the purpose of Decayed, Missing and Filled Indice?