A stable mixture of two or more substances in a single phase that cannot be separated using a centrifuge
Solution
A substance dissolved in a solution
Solute
Any liquid in which another substance can be dissolved
Solvent
What are five factors the determine solubility?
1. Nature of solute
2. Nature of solvent
3. Temperature
4. Pressure
5. Concentration
Water is distributed in body via __________
Osmosis
Greater tonicity than 0.9% NaCl
Hypertonic
Less tonicity than 0.9% NaCl
Hypotonic
What are two ways to quantify solute content and activity?
1. Actual weight in g or mg
2. Combining force
greater than 7 has less acid or more base than water = ?
Alkaline
Less than 7 has more acid or less base than water = ?
Acidic
Low intake of H2O, puts out _______________ urine.
concentrated
What are seven major electrolytes?
1. Sodium
2. Chloride
3. Bicarbonate
4. Potassium
5. Calcium
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus (Phosphate)
What is the most important extracellular cation?
Sodium
What is reabsorbed or excreted in the kidneys?
Sodium
What is the most common electrolyte imbalance found in hospitalized patients?
Hyponatremia
What are the causes of Hyponatremia?
- GI loss
- Sweating
- Fever
- Diuretics
- Ascites
- Congestive heart failure
- Kidney failure
What are symptoms of hyponatremia?
- Weakness
- Lassitude
- Apathy
- Headache
- Orthostatic
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
What are causes of hypernatremia?
- Net sodium gain
- Net water loss
- Increased aldosterone
- Steroid Therapy
What are symptoms of hypernatremia?
- Tremulousness
- irritability
- Ataxia
- Confusion
- Seizures
- Coma
What is the normal range for Chloride?
98-106
what is the body's most prominent anion?
Chloride
What are causes of Hypochloremia?
- GI loss
- Diuretics
What are symptoms of Hypochloremia?
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Muscle spasm
- Coma
What are causes of Hyperchloremia?
- Dehydration
- Metabolic acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
What are symptoms of Hyperchloremia?
Minimal
What is the normal range for bicarbonate?
22-26
What is the normal range for potassium?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What are causes of Hypokalemia?
- Diuretics
- Steroid Therapy
- Renal tubular disease
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Malnutrition
- Trauma
What is most common in renal insufficiency?
Hypokalemia
What are causes of Hyperkalemia?
- Chronic renal disease
- Hemorrhage
- Tissue necrosis
- Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
- ACE inhibitors
- Cyclosporine
What are symptoms of Hyperkalemia?
- ECG changes
- Ventricular arrythmias
- Cardiac arrest
What is the normal calcium?
8.7-10.4
Calcium is present in the blood in what three forms?
1. Ionized
2. Protein bound
3. Complex
What increases the concentration of calcium?
Acidemia
What decreases the concentration of calcium?
Alkalemia
- Increases levels of calcium
- Most commonly caused by hyperparathyroidism or malignancies
Hypercalcemia
- Low serum levels of calcium
- Causes: hyperparathyroidism, pancreatitis, renal failure, and trauma
- Treatment consist of correcting the underlying cause and replacing Ca either orally or intravenously
Hypocalcemia
What is the normal range for Magnesium?
1.7-2.1 mEq/L
Causes: Inadequate intake/impared absorption of Mg, pancreatitis, alcoholism.
Symptoms: Muscle weakness, irritability, teeny, ECG changes, arrhythmias, delirium, convulsions
Hypomagnesemia
Causes: Dehydration, Renal insufficiency, tissue trauma, lupus erythematosus.
Symptoms: ECG changes, Hyperkalemia, cardiac arrest, respiratory muscle paralysis
Hypermagnesemia
What is the normal range for Phosphorus?
1.2-2.3 mEq/L
Causes: Starvation, malabsorption, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Symptoms: Diaphragmatic weakness
Hypophosphatemia
Causes: Endocrine disorders, acromegaly, chronic renal insufficiency, acute renal failure, tissue trauma
Symptoms: Minimal
Hyperphosphatemia