A semiconscious 40-year-old female is found to have regular respirations at a rate of 24 breaths/min with reduced tidal volume. You should:
assist her ventilations with a bag-mask device.
Cellular function deteriorates and death occurs when the pH:
drops below 6.9 or rises above 7.8.
Chemoreceptors send messages to the brain to increase respirations when:
arterial carbon dioxide levels increase.
For continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to be beneficial, the patient must:
be able to follow commands.
If a multilumen airway device is inserted into the trachea:
it functions the same as an endotracheal tube.
In contrast to the Combitube, the King LT airway:
has two cuffs that are simultaneously inflated.
Patients receive the MOST benefit from continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP):
during the exhalation phase
The Cobra perilaryngeal airway (CobraPLA) is contraindicated in patients:
with massive trauma to the oral cavity.
The portion of the tidal volume that does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange is called:
dead space air.
The preferred device to use when administering supplemental oxygen in the prehospital setting is the:
nonrebreathing mask
Unresponsive patients MOST often experience airway obstructions from:
occlusion of the posterior pharynx by the tongue.
When opening the airway of a non-injured unconscious apneic patient, you should perform a head tilt-chin lift maneuver and then:
insert an oropharyngeal airway.
When suctioning the airway of a child, you should:
suction for 10 seconds and reassess the child's airway.
When using the bag-mask device to ventilate an apneic patient who has dentures, you should:
periodically reassess the airway to ensure the dentures are not loose.
When ventilating a patient with a stoma and a tracheostomy tube, you should:
attach the bag-mask device to the 15-mm adaptor on the tube.
Which of the following patients should be placed in the recovery position?
A 33-year-old unconscious male without injury who has respirations of 22 breaths/min and good chest rise
Which size oxygen cylinder is typically carried by the AEMT to the patient's side?
D Cylinder
Which structure is located in the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity?
Nasopharynx
While assessing a semiconscious 22-year-old female's respirations, you note that they are 16 breaths/min. You should:
assess the regularity and depth of the patient's breathing.
You are ventilating a trauma patient with a bag-mask device, but are having difficulty maintaining an effective mask seal. Prior to inserting the King LT airway, you should:
protect the patient's spine as you position the head.
A 19-year-old male has sustained severe facial trauma after being assaulted. He is responsive to pain only, has rapid and shallow respirations, and oropharyngeal bleeding. After opening the airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver, you should
suction his airway and assist ventilations with a bag-mask device.
A 40-year-old male is unconscious, has inadequate breathing, and is producing copious, continuous secretions from his mouth. This situation is MOST effectively managed by:
suctioning for 15 seconds and ventilating for 2 minutes.
A 43-year-old female is unconscious following an overdose of heroin. Her respirations are slow and shallow. Which of the following conditions will she initially develop if not treated?
Respiratory acidosis
A 66-year-old female is in cardiac arrest and requires advanced airway management. Prior to inserting a Combitube, you should take standard precautions and then:
preoxygenate the patient with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen.
A 70-year-old male with a history of esophageal cancer is unresponsive with slow, shallow respirations. Appropriate airway management for this patient includes:
inserting an oral airway and ventilating with a bag-mask device.
A 72-year-old male with a tracheal stoma requires ventilatory assistance. However, when you attempt to ventilate, you meet resistance. You should:
suction the stoma and mouth.
A major advantage of the multilumen airway device is that it:
cannot be improperly inserted
A male patient with a history of congestive heart failure presents with orthopnea. This means that:
the severity of his respiratory difficulty varies with position.
A patient is found unconscious and trauma has been ruled out. The MOST appropriate method for opening the patient's airway is the:
head-tilt chin-lift maneuver.
A portable oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure inside it is at ________ psi or below:
500
A semiconscious 40-year-old female is found to have regular respirations at a rate of 24 breaths/min with reduced tidal volume. You should:
assist her ventilations with a bag-mask device.
A stoma, located superior to the suprasternal notch, is the resultant orifice following a:
tracheostomy
A supraglottic airway device:
does not enter the trachea or esophagus
After inserting a King LT airway, you attach the bag-mask device and begin to ventilate the patient. However, you meet resistance with your initial ventilation attempts. You should:
withdraw the device slightly until ventilations are easy.
After inserting the CobraPLA into your patient, you note that her tongue is protruding from her mouth. You should:
recognize that the device is not inserted far enough.
After inserting the Combitube, the pharyngeal cuff is inflated with _____ mL of air and the distal cuff is inflated with _____ mL of air.
100, 15
All of the following conditions would cause a decreased concentration of oxygen in the blood, EXCEPT:
an increased respiratory rate
All of the following would result in metabolic acidosis, EXCEPT:
an overdose of antacids.
An 18-year-old female is experiencing an anxiety attack and is breathing at a rate of 40 breaths/min. Which of the following acid-base derangements will occur if her condition is not promptly treated?
? CO2 ? ? H2CO3 ? ? pH
An apneic 2-year-old child with a heart rate of 110 beats/min is being ventilated with a bag-mask device at a rate of 20 breaths/min. After 2 minutes of ventilations, you note that the child's heart rate is 80 beats/min. You should:
recognize that your ventilations are not adequate.
An oxygen humidifier is MOST beneficial when a patient is:
being given oxygen during a lengthy transport to the hospital.
Carbonic acid is an ideal buffer because it:
is a weak acid and can accept or donate hydrogen ions.
Cellular function deteriorates and death occurs when the pH:
drops below 6.9 or rises above 7.8
Chemoreceptors send messages to the brain to increase respirations when:
arterial carbon dioxide levels increase.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is indicated for patients with:
pulmonary edema
CPAP produces all of the following physiologic effects, EXCEPT:
**
During an attempted resuscitation from cardiac arrest, the patient inadvertently receives too much sodium bicarbonate. This would result in:
metabolic alkalosis.
Following severe head trauma, a patient presents with an irregular rate, pattern, and depth of breathing with brief periods of apnea. This breathing pattern is characteristic of:
Biot's respirations.
Hypoxia is a condition in which:
there is a lack of oxygen to the body's cells and tissues.
If a multilumen airway device is inserted into the trachea:
it functions the same as an endotracheal tube.
If the amount of pulmonary surfactant is decreased:
alveolar surface tension will increase.
If the brain is deprived of oxygen for 4 to 6 minutes:
anoxic brain injury will occur.
In contrast to the Combitube, the King LT airway:
has two cuffs that are simultaneously inflated.
In contrast to the dorsal respiratory group, the ventral respiratory group is:
primarily responsible for motor control of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
In order for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to be beneficial, the patient must:
be able to follow commands.
Internal respiration is defined as the:
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level.
Internally, the lower airway extends from the:
glottis to the pulmonary capillary membrane.
Intrapulmonary shunting occurs when:
nonfunctional alveoli inhibit the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Minute volume would increase if:
respiratory rate was increased.
Partial pressure is the term used to describe the amount of gas that is:
dissolved in fluid.
Patients receive the MOST benefit from continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP):
during the exhalation phase.
Prior to inserting an LMA, you must ensure that the:
cuff is fully deflated of air.
Slow, shallow, irregular respirations or occasional gasps are MOST indicative of:
cerebral anoxia.
The amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath is called:
tidal volume.
The anterior portion of the cricoid ring is separated from the thyroid cartilage by the
cricothyroid membrane
The Cobra perilaryngeal airway (CobraPLA) is contraindicated in patients:
**
The condition in which the alveoli collapse is called:
atelectasis.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs by a process of diffusion, in which:
gas moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
The hypoxic drive stimulates breathing when the:
arterial oxygen level falls.
The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is indicated when:
intubation is not possible and mask ventilation is the only option.
The lower portion of the pharynx that opens into the larynx anteriorly and the esophagus posteriorly is the:
hypopharynx.
The lungs are covered with a thin, slippery outer membrane called the:
visceral pleura.
The mandible, tongue, epiglottis, and thyroid cartilage attach to the:
hyoid bone.
The manually triggered ventilation device is used less commonly than other ventilation devices because it:
causes severe gastric distention.
The measurement of the level of a solution's acidity is called:
pH
The MOST dangerous complication associated with the use of the LMA is:
**
The MOST rapidly acting compensatory mechanism that maintains pH is the:
bicarbonate buffer system.
The narrowest portion of the adult's trachea is the:
glottic opening.
The normal respiratory rate for an adult ranges from:
12 to 20 breaths/min.
The normal tidal volume, including dead space volume, in the average adult male is approximately:
500 mL
The only upper airway structure that forms a complete ring is the:
cricoid cartilage.
The opening to the trachea is guarded by a cartilaginous flap called the:
epiglottis.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) increases when:
excessive carbon dioxide is dissolved in the plasma.
The portion of the tidal volume that does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange is called:
dead space air.
The preferred device to use when administering supplemental oxygen in the prehospital setting is the:
nonrebreathing mask.
The preferred method for ventilating an apneic patient is the:
bag-mask device with two rescuers.
The primary waste product(s) of cellular respiration is/are:
carbon dioxide and water.
The pyramid-like cartilaginous structure that forms the posterior attachment of the vocal cords is called the:
arytenoid cartilage.
The shape of the Cobra perilaryngeal airway (CobraPLA) allows the device to:
slide easily along the hard palate and to hold the soft tissue away from the laryngeal inlet.
The turbinates, which extend into the nasal passageway, function by:
improving filtration, warming, and humidification of inhaled air.
Tidal volume minus dead space volume is called:
alveolar ventilation.
Unresponsive patients MOST often experience airway obstructions from:
occlusion of the posterior pharynx by the tongue.
Ventilation is defined as the:
physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs.
What are the pyriform fossae?
Hollow pockets along the lateral borders of the larynx
What do snoring respirations in an unconscious patient indicate?
Partial occlusion of the posterior pharynx by the tongue
What protective function does the Hering-Breuer reflex serve?
It prevents overexpansion of the lungs.
What size oxygen cylinder is typically carried by the AEMT to the patient's side?
D cylinder
What structure is located in the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity?
Nasopharynx
When attempting to ventilate an unconscious patient, you note decreased lung compliance. This indicates:
decreased alveolar expansion.
When high-flow oxygen is attached to the inlet valve of a pocket face mask, oxygen concentrations of up to ____ percent can be delivered to the patient.
55
When opening the airway of a non-injured unconscious apneic patient, you should perform a head-tilt chin-lift maneuver and then:
insert an oropharyngeal airway.
When properly placed, the distal tip of the Cobra perilaryngeal airway (CobraPLA):
is proximal to the esophagus and seals the hypopharynx.
When suctioning the airway of a child, you should:
suction for 10 seconds and reassess the child's airway.
When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract:
intrapulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric pressure.
When the King LT airway is properly inserted:
the distal cuff seals the esophagus and the proximal cuff seals the oropharynx.
When treating a patient with CPAP, it is often beneficial to:
initially allow the patient to hold the mask to his or her face.
When using CPAP on a patient with respiratory distress, it is important to remember that:
you are not treating the underlying cause of the patient's respiratory distress.
When using the bag-mask device to ventilate an apneic patient who has dentures, you should:
**
When ventilating a patient with a stoma and a tracheostomy tube, you should:
**
When ventilating an apneic adult patient with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen, you should:
deliver just enough volume to produce visible chest rise.
When ventilation is compromised but perfusion continues:
blood passes over some alveolar membranes without gas exchange taking place.
Which of the following correctly describes insertion of a Combitube?
Open the mouth with the tongue-jaw lift maneuver and insert the Combitube in the midline of the patient's mouth.
Which of the following equations represents metabolic acidosis?
? H2CO3 ? ? H+ + HCO3- ? ? pH
Which of the following is a sign that CPAP is improving your patient's clinical status?
Decrease in respiratory rate
Which of the following patient conditions would contraindicate the use of a multilumen airway device?
Unconscious apneic patient with alcoholism and an absent gag reflex
Which of the following patients is NOT breathing adequately?
Confused, respirations of 24 breaths/min, shallow depth
Which of the following patients should be placed in the recovery position?
A 33-year-old unconscious male without injury who has respirations of 22 breaths/min and good chest rise.
Which of the following patients would benefit MOST from a nasopharyngeal airway?
Semiconscious patient with a gag reflex
Which of the following signs is MOST indicative of adequate breathing?
Respirations of 20 breaths/min
Which of the following situations would contraindicate use of the LMA?
Patients who are morbidly obese.
Which of the following statements regarding the King LT airway is correct?
Studies show that it is easier and quicker to insert than a Combitube
Which of the following statements regarding the nonrebreathing mask is incorrect?
It increases a patient's tidal volume.
Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the lower airway?
Larynx
Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the upper airway?
Bronchioles
While assessing a semiconscious 22-year-old female's respirations, you note that they are 16 breaths/min. You should:
assess the regularity and depth of the patient's breathing.
While assessing an unconscious 30-year-old female's airway, you note that her respirations are rapid, shallow, and gurgling. What is your initial course of action?
Suction her oropharynx.
While ventilating an apneic 33-year-old man, you note that his stomach is becoming slightly distended. You should:
recheck and reposition his airway.
You are assessing a semiconscious patient's respirations and note that they are 18 breaths/min. When further assessing the patient's breathing, which of the following signs would indicate inadequate breathing?
Shallow movement of the chest
You are the only AEMT in the back of the ambulance caring for an apneic patient. Which of the following ventilation devices would allow you to perform other patient care tasks while still ventilating the patient?
Automatic transport ventilator
You are transporting a patient who is receiving 100% oxygen via nonrebreathing mask at 15 L/min. Your onboard oxygen, an M cylinder, contains 2,000 psi. How long can you administer oxygen to the patient at this flow rate?
3.1 hours
You are treating a 56-year-old man with CPAP. He has a history of congestive heart failure and is experiencing marked respiratory distress. When you reassess him, you note that he is no longer able to follow verbal commands. You should:
discontinue CPAP and assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device.
You are ventilating a stoma patient with a pocket mask device. As you ventilate, you hear the leakage of air. Your initial course of action should be to:
seal the patient's nose and mouth.
You are ventilating a trauma patient with a bag-mask device, but are having difficulty maintaining an effective mask seal. Prior to inserting the King LT airway, you should:
protect the patient's spine as you position his head.
You note little movement of an apneic patient's chest when you and your partner are ventilating with the two-person bag-mask device technique. You should:
reassess the position of the patient's airway and readjust if needed.
You respond to a call for an unconscious person. Upon arriving at the scene, you find an unconscious young male lying in a prone position in his front yard. After taking standard precautions, you should:
roll the patient into a supine position, without twisting his body, and open his airway.