Neuro
refers to the nervous system
Lymphatic
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood/immune system
Pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs and their blood supply
Cerebral
pertaining to the brain
Ischemia
Local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction
Hematoma
collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue = bruise
A,B,C,D,E
Approach and Assess
Airway
Breathing
Breathing- how well
Circulation- feel for pulse
Circulatio- chunk check
Deformities- broken bones in chunk check
Disabilities/ decision- hold c spine?
Environment - keep them safe
Everyone else- delegate/ how is group
What is the primary goal of an initial assessment?
1. Do not create a 2nd victim
2. Treat what will kill = prioritize the patient
How to preform a proper head to toe?
palpate = arms, wrist/hands, lower back, above knee, calf, feet
Check CSMs in all 4 extremities
What are the 5 vital signs we can assess?
pulse
PERRL eyes
A&O
respiration rate
skin= SCTM = skin, color, temp. and moisture
O,P,Q,R,S,T
O = onset = how was the onset of signs/symptoms = how fast/slow did the pain hurt/feel
P = palpate (touch) = touch the signs and ask how it feels (arms, wrist/hands, lower back, above knee, calf, feet)
Q = quality of pain = ask if pain came on sharp/dull
R = radius = determine the area of the pain
S = severity = ask on a scale 1-10 how much it hurts
T = time = do assessment again over time and log any changes
S,A,M,P,L,E
S = signs (visual) and symptoms (internal) = ask how they feel/what hurts
A = allergic reactions = ask if any
M = medication = ask if taking any
P = pertinent/prior medical history = ask
L = last oral intake = what did they eat/drink last?
E = events of incident = ask what happened in their perspective
What is shock and how is it treated?
shock = trauma
treatment = if face is pale > raise tail
What are the signs of internal bleeding?
bruised,swollen, tender or rigid abdomen
bruises on chest or signs of fractured ribs
blood in vomit
wounds that have penetrated the chest or abdomen
bleeding from the rectum or vagina
abnormal pulse and difficulty breathing
cool, moist skin
How do you stop external bleeding?
1. ELEVATE the wound above the level of the heart and continue to apply direct pressure
2. apply PRESSURE AT A PRESSURE POINT
3. apply a PRESSURE BANDAGE over the wound
Avulsion
tissue forcibly torn away or separated from the body
Laceration
a cut, tear or wound
Puncture
a pierced/punctured pointed object into the body
Abrasion
Scraping or wearing away of the skin by friction; irritation
HAPE High Altitude Pulminary Edina
Alititude related. fluid leaks into the lungs and potentially fatal
HACE High Altitude Cerebral Edema -
Altitude. fluid leaks into the cerebral/head and potentially fatal, rarely occurs<10,000 ft
increase brain cell volume leads to visual disturbances, paralysis, seizures, hallucinations, coma
MGT: immediate descent, O2 supplement or portable hyperbaric bag/chamber
AMS Acute Mountain Sickness
body responds to quick movement to high altitude; symptoms include dizziness, headache, shortness of breath and nausea; can cause lethal pulmonary cerebral edema
How do you recognize an airway obstruction?
1. head tilt chin lift
2. Open the casualty's mouth by grasping both his tongue and lower jaw between your thumb and fingers and lifting (tongue-jaw lift)
Heimlich
a maneuver performed when someone is choking to dislodge the food using force of air back throught the trachea forcing thumbs into phera plex area
Flail Chest
a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when a segment of the chest wall bones breaks under extreme stress and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall. It occurs when multiple adjacent ribs are broken in multiple places, separating a segment, so a part of the chest wall moves independently
Pneumothorax
the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapse
Hemothorax
condition wherein blood accumulates in the pleural space of the lungs
How do you recognize a head injury?
1. Headache that progressively worsens.
2. Consciousness gradually deteriorates from alertness to drowsiness or disorientation; A&O of at least 3. Persistent or projectile (shoots out under pressure) vomiting.
4. One pupil becomes significantly larger than the other.
5. Bleeding from an ear or nose without direct injury to those areas, or a clear watery fluid draining from the nose.
6. Bruising behind the ears or around the eyes, when there is no direct injury to those areas.
7. Seizures.
What are common sources of a neurotoxin and how do you treat it?
A poison that attacks the nervous system, causing blindness, paralysis, or suffocation.
common sources = Brown Recluse spider
Treatment = Wash the affected area with a mild soap.
Apply a cold compress to the wound site for ten minutes on followed by ten minutes off.
If possible elevate the wound site above the heart. This aids in slowing the spread of the venom.
Take an anti-inflammatory to ease the pain.
Remain calm at all costs. Panicking will raise the blood pressure speeding up the flow of venom throughout the body.
Anaphylaxis
Severe allergic reaction, possiblly fatal, to a drug that occurs a short time after a drug has been administered to a person who is hypersensitive to it
How many chest compressions per minute do you provide during CPR?
30 beats per minute
How do you treat hypothermia?
Remove from the cold.
Get them dry and keep them dry.
Insulate from the ground.
Hypothermia wrap:
Re-insulate with dry insulation.
Cover and protect the head from further heat loss.
Cover and protect the hands and feet from frostbite.
Surround with a windproof and waterproof layer.
If conscious, feed warm, sweet liquids.
If unconscious, evacuate and handle very gently to prevent ventricular fibrillation.
Trench foot
Infection of the foot caused by wet, cold, and unsanitary conditions.
Frostbite
the freezing of body parts exposed to the cold; can cause the loss of fingers, hands, arms, toes, feet and legs
Heat Stroke
A medical emergency consisting of a fever of at least 105 F, hot dry skin, rapid heartbeat, rapid and shallow breathing, and elevated or lowered blood pressure caused by the breakdown of the body's cooling mecanism.
Heat Exhaustion
an overheating of the body that can result from dehydration
Can you perform proper splinting/immobilization techniques?
keep neck straight and splint where necessary and do not let equipment touch damaged area of patient
A&O x1234
Alert & Orientated
X1 name
X2 where you are
X3 time
X4 what happened
The three things the human person needs
Thermotegulation
Nutrition
Hydration
TIA transient ischemia attack
Insufficient blood flow to the brain that spontaneously resolved w/in 24 hr
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
caused by interruption in blood flow to the brain due to a blockage or bleeding in a cerebral artery
hypoblemic shock
Caused from a decrease in blood supply
cardiogenic shock
Shock caused by inadequate function of the heart, or pump failure.
neurogenic shock
Caused by vasodilation, a loss of vascular tine.
compensatory shock
Body tries to keep bp up by increasing pulse, rests, pallor
decompensatory shock
stage of shock in which he body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain a blood pressure and perfusion of the vital organs.
Necessities of a Splint
Immobilize the joint above and below
Can check CSMs
Rigid
Padded
Adjustable
heat cramps
muscle pain and spasm resulting from inadequate fluid and electrolyte depletion
heat exhaustion
condition resulting from exposure to heat and excessive loss of water and salt through sweating
Relieved by rest hydration and replacing electrolyte
heat stroke
a dangerous condition in which the body loses its ability to cool itself through perspiration. Pt is red hot and mad and has change in LOC and ^ HR/RR
Hyponatremia
deficient sodium in the blood caused by too much water stripping the body