separation of powers
the division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision making
checks and balances
mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches; major examples include the presidential veto power over congressional legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presiden
federalism
-a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments
What is democracy?
rule by the people"
The citizens vote on laws, policies, and other important actions
Each citizen has the opportunity to be involved and speak their opinion
representative democracy
Also called an indirect democracy
The citizens elect representatives who make up the legislature
These representatives vote and enact laws on behalf of the citizens
Direct Democracy
The citizens do not elect representatives
They vote on laws and policies themselves
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Upheld "separate but equal" racial segregation by the states
Brown v. Board of Education, I (1954)
Brown v. Board of Education, II (1955)
Race-based school segregation violates the equal protection clause
School districts and federal courts must implement the Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, I (1954) "with all deliberate speed
describe and explain the structure and function of political institutions
If the society is to be orderly, people must obey the rules that are made. The political institution determines and enforces the laws and punishes those who disobey them.
Decision-making(Executive) and rule-making processes(Legislative)
Describe and explain constitutional principles and processes.
the US government is based on ideas of limited government, including natural rights, popular sovereignty, republicanism, and social contract.
A balance between governmental power and individual rights has been a hallmark of American political development.
federalist #10; brutus #1; the declaration of independence
compare how models of representative democracy are visible in major institution, policies, events, or debates in the U.S.
-Representative democracies can take several forms along this scale.
-Different aspects of the U.S. Constitution as well as the debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in Federalist No. 10 and Brutus No. 1 reflect the tension between the broad
Participatory democracy
which emphasizes broad participation in politics and civil society
Pluralist democracy
which recognizes group-based activism by nongovernmental interests striving for impact on political decision making
Elite democracy
where decisions are made by elected representatives acting as trustees
Explain how democratic ideals
are reflected in U.S. foundational documents.
The Declaration of Independence, drafted by Jefferson with help from Adams and Franklin, provides a foundation for popular sovereignty, while the U.S. Constitution drafted at
the Philadelphia Convention and led
by George Washington, with important contrib
Compare and interpret Federalist and Anti-Federalist views on central government and democracy as reflected in U.S. foundational documents.
-Madison's arguments in Federalist No. 10 focused on the superiority of a large republic in controlling the "mischiefs of faction," delegating authority
to elected representatives and dispersing power between the states and national government.
-Anti-Fede
Explain the relationship between key provisions of the Articles of Confederation and the debate over granting the federal government greater power formerly reserved to the states.
Specific incidents and legal challenges that highlighted
key weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation are represented by the:
? Lack of centralized military power to address Shays' Rebellion
? Lack of tax law enforcement power
? Requirement of unanimit
Describe the impact of political negotiation and compromise at the Constitutional Convention on the development of the constitutional system.
Compromises deemed necessary for adoption and ratification of the Constitution are represented by the:
? Great (Connecticut) Compromise
? Electoral College
? Three-Fifths Compromise
? Compromise on the
importation of slaves
great compromise
bicameral legislature and 1st chamber (house) based on population 2nd (senate) has equal reps
3/5 compromise
3/5 or 3 out of every 5 slaves were counted for representation
electoral college
-election of POTUS through representatives
-indirect election # of representatives and 2 senators change every decade
commerce and slave trade compromise
no more international slave trade after 1808
Describe the impact of political negotiation and compromise at the Constitutional Convention on the development of the constitutional system.
-Debates about self- government during the drafting of the Constitution necessitated the drafting of an amendment process in Article V that entailed either a two-thirds vote in both houses or a proposal from two-thirds of the state legislatures, with fina
Explain how the issues raised in the ratification debate continue to be expressed today in ongoing philosophical disagreements about democracy and governmental power.
The debate over the role of the central government, the powers of state governments, and the rights of individuals remains at the heart
of present-day constitutional issues about democracy and governmental power, as represented by:
? Debates about governm
Describe the constitutional principles of separation of powers and "checks and balances.
-The powers allocated to Congress, the president, and the courts demonstrate the separation of powers and checks and balances features of the U.S. Constitution.
-Federalist No. 51 explains how constitutional provisions of separation of powers and checks a
Explain the implications of separation of powers and "checks and balances" for the U.S. political system.
-Multiple access points for stakeholders and institutions (pluralism) to influence public policy flows from the separation of powers and checks and balances.
-Impeachment, removal, and other legal actions taken against public officials deemed to have abus
Describe how the distribution of powers among three federal branches and between national and state governments impacts policy making.
-National policymaking is constrained by the sharing of power between and among the three branches and the state governments.
-the distribution of powers provides multiple schools of thought and checks and balance, which gives different perspectives on th
Describe how the Constitution allocates power between the national and state governments.
The exclusive and concurrent powers of the national and state governments help explain the negotiations over the balance of power between the two levels.
Explain how the appropriate balance of power between national and state governments has been interpreted differently over time.
-The balance of power between the national and state governments has changed over time based on U.S. Supreme Court interpretation of such cases as:McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and United States v. Lopez (1995)
-The interpretation of the 10th and 14th Amen
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
which declared that Congress has implied powers necessary to implement its enumerated powers and established supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws
United States v. Lopez (1995)
which ruled that Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime, introducing
a new phase of federalism that recognized the importance of state sovereignty and local control
The writing and ratification of the Constitution emerged from the debate about weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and was the product of important compromises.
were weak because they did not give enough power to the government so nothing got done and states were more like mini countries in a big alliance
The Constitution creates a complex and competitive policy making process to ensure the people's will is accurately represented and that freedom is preserved
...
The constitution creates a complex and competitive policy-making process to ensure the people's will is accurately represented and that freedom is preserved
...
Federalism reflects the dynamic distribution of power between national and state governments
relations between states:
1)full faith and credit 2)no state discrimination or privileges
14th amendment: states must align their laws with the Bill of Rights