Civil Rights
the rights and privileges guaranteed t all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the 5th and 14th Amendments; the idea that individuals are protected from discrimination based on characteristics such as race, national origin, reli
inherent characteristics
individual attributes such as race, national origin, religion and gender
suspect classification
distinctions based on race, religion, and national origin in, which are assumed to be illegitimate (kinda like stereotypes)
strict scrutiny test
the guidelines the courts use to determine the legality of suspect classification -based discrimination; on the basis of this test, discrimination is legal if it is a necessary means by which the government can achieve a compelling public interest (kinda
heightened scrutiny test (intermediate scrutiny test)
the guidelines used most frequently by the courts to determined the legality of sex-based discrimination; on the basis of this test, sex-based discrimination is legal if the government can prove that it is substantially related to achieve and important pu
ordinary scrutiny test
on the basis of this test, discrimination is legal if it is a reasonable means by which the government can achieve a legitimate public interest
- through this test, courts have been willing to allow age-based differential treatment (such as the drinking a
civil disobedience
- used by the African American civil rights movement in things like sit-ins
- active, but nonviolent, refusal to comply with laws or governmental policies that are morally objectionable (in the civil rights case, this law would be the separate but equal r
standing to sue
the legal right to bring lawsuit in court
Reconstruction Era
the time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877 when the institutions and infrastructures of the South were rebuilt (ended when Hayes needed the presidential win)
Black Codes
laws passed immediately after the Civil war by the confederate states that limited the rights of "freemen" (people formerly enslaved)
Jim Crow laws
laws requiring strict separation of racial groups, with whites and "nonwhites" required to attend separate schools, wok in different jobs and use segregated public accommodations, such as transportation (Rosa Parks and the bus) and restaurants (bar counte
de jure segregation
segregation mandated by law (Jim Crow Laws)
de facto segregation
segregation caused by the fact that people tend to live in neighborhoods with others of their own race, religion,m or ethnic group (real estate segregation - steering: China Town, White Flight, Little Italy, Harlem)
white primary
a primary election in which a party's nominees for general election were chosen but in which only white people were allowed to vote
literacy test
a test to determine eligibility to vote; designed so that few African Americans would pass
poll tax
a fee for voting; levied to prevent poor African Americans in the South from voting
grandfather clause
A CLAUSE EXEMPTING INDIVIDUALS FROM VOTING CONDITIONS SUCH AS POLL TAXES OR LITERACY TESTS IF THEY OR THEIR ANCESTOR HAD VOTED BEFORE 1870, THUS SPARING MOST WHITE VOTERS (didn't realize caps was on, too lazy to retype)
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Supreme Court decisions creating the separate but equal doctrine
the separate but equal doctrine
established in Plessy v. Ferguson, it said that separate but equal facilities for whites and non whites do not violate the 14th Amendments equal protections clause
equal protection clause
the 14th amendment clause stating that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Brown v. Board of Ed. of Topeka (1954)
SCOTUS decision that ruled that segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment (BASICALLY REVERSED PLESSY)
steering
the practice by which realtors steered African American families to certain neighborhoods and white families to other neighborhoods (de facto segregation)
intersectionality
the experience of multiple forms of oppression (based on race, gender, and/or sexuality) (basically an African American female lesbian)
hate crime
a crime committed against a person, property, or society, where the offender is motivated , in part or in whole, by his or her bias against the victim because of the victim's race, religion,m disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity
affirmative action
in the employment arena, intentional efforts to recruit, hire, train and promote underutilized categories of workers (women or minorities); in higher education, intentional efforts to diversify the student body
Loving v. Virginia 1967
- the court used the strict scrutiny test to determine that laws barring interracial marriage violated the Constitutional because there was no compelling public interest for which the government was responsible; hence, the laws were not necessary for a co
Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)
- Myra Bradwell sued the state of Illinois over its refusal to let her practice law
- the court held that a woman's destiny was to "fulfill the noble home of wife and mother" and that allowing women to practice law would impinge on that destiny
- preceden
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
#NAME?
Craig v. Boren (1976)
- Court developed a new test for the legality of sex-based discrimination, case over the women's right in Oklahoma to buy beer at the age of 18
- the court established the heightened scrutiny test for sex-based discrimination cases: different treatment is
Mendez v. Westminster
- case bought up over a law creating a separate school for just Mexican children
- used the 14th Amendment to guarantee equal educational opportunists
Corpus Christi v. Cisnero (1971)
- Before this case, Latinos were not considered a minority group and therefore could not received the rights granted under civil rights legislation such as the Civil rights Act of 1964
- Court upheld that Latinos are a racial minority group; therefore, th
Grutter v. Bollinger
- Court ruled that a school's goal of creating a diverse student body serves a compelling public interest: a diverse student body enhances "cross-racial understanding . . . breaks down racial stereotypes . . . and helps students better understand persons
US v. Lopez
...
Lawrence v. Texas
...