Dispositions - Amount Realized
Amount realized by a taxpayer from the sale or other disposition of an asset is everything of value received from the buyer less any selling costs
Taxpayers typically receive cash when they sell property, they may also accept marketable securities, notes
Determination of Adjusted Basis
An asset's initial adjusted basis depends on how the asset was acquired. Generally, purchased asset's initial basis is its initial cost.
Gifts
-If, at date of gift, FMV > donor's basis, then donee's basis is a carryover basis
-If, at date of gift, FMV < donor's basis, then done uses a carryover basis if the asset is later sold for a gain. If asset is later sold for a loss, the done uses the FMV
Inherited property
-The heir's basis in property passing from a decent to the heir is the FMV on the date of the decedent's death.
-An alternative valuation date (6-months after date of death) may be used to determine the basis to the heirs if elected by the estate.
Property converted from personal use to business use
Basis depends on whether the property appreciated or declined in value during the time the property was used personally
-Appreciated: taxpayer uses the basis
-Declined in value: taxpayer uses FMV at the date of conversion for calculating loss
The adjusted basis for determining gain or loss on the sale of an asset:
Initial basis reduced by depreciation or other types of cost recovery deductions allowed (or allowable) on the property
Adjusted basis = initial basis - cost recovery allowed (or allowable)
Example Adjusted basis: Scrap-Happy owns a computer (5-yr MACRS recovery period), which it purchased 2 years ago for $1,200. For financial statement purposes, the computer is depreciates over 3 years using the half-year convention and straight-line method
Answer: Book Tax
Cost Basis: $1,200 $1,200
Yr 1 Dep. (HY): (200) (240)
Yr 2 Dep.: (400) (384)
Adjusted Basis: $600 $576
Realized Gain or Loss on disposition
The amount of gain or loss taxpayers realize on a sale or other disposition of assets is simply the amount they realize minus their adjusted basis in the disposed assets
gain or loss realized = amount realized - adjusted basis
Scrap-Happy sells the computer in the previous example (adjusted tax basis = $576) for $400. What is the realized gain or (loss) on the sale?
Answer: $400 Amount realized
(576) Adjusted basis
($176) (Loss) realized
teton's asset dispositions realized gain or loss for tax purposes
chart
Recognized Gain or Loss on Disposition
Gains (losses) that increase (decrease) taxpayers' gross income
Taxpayers must immediately recognize the vast majority of realized gains and losses, they may be allowed to permanently exclude the gains from taxable income
character of gains or loss
character of gain or loss
ordinary assets
Assets created or used in a taxpayer's trade or business
Business assets held for less than a year
Example - Inventory, Accounts Receivable, Machinery and Equipment
If taxpayers sell ordinary assets at a gain, they recognize an ordinary gain that is taxed
capital assets
Assets held for investment, for the production of income, or for personal use
Qualification as capital asset depends on the purpose for which taxpayers uses the assets
Both individual and corporate taxpayers prefer capital gains to ordinary income
Prefernetial rates and loss limitations for individuals
preferential rates
-net capital gains on assets help more than one year are taxed at 15 percent (0 percent to the extent the gain would have been taxed at 15 percent or lower rate if there were ordinary income and 20 percent to the extent the gail would h
Preferential rates and loss limitations for corporations
preferential rates- no preferential rates, taxed at ordinary rates
loss limits:
-no offset against ordinary income
-net capital losses can generally be carried back three years and forward five years to offset net capital gains in those years
�1231 Assets
Depreciable assets and land used in a trade or business held for more than one year
If the taxpayer recognizes a net �1231 gain, the net gain is treated as a long-term capital gain
If the taxpayer recognizes a net �1231 loss, the net loss is treated as an
Depreciation Recapture
Potentially applies to gains (not losses) on the sale of depreciable or amortizable business property
When applied, it recharacterizes the gain on the sale of a �1231 asset
Does not affect �1231 losses
Computation depends on the type of �1231 assets the t
�1245 Property
Personal property and amortizable intangible assets are �1245 assets
The lesser of
gain recognized or
accumulated depreciation is recaptured (characterized) as ordinary income under �1245
Any remaining gain is �1231 gain
There is no depreciation recapture
When taxpayers sell or dispose of �1245 property, they encounter one of the following three scenarios of gain or loss
recognize a gain created solely through depreciation deductions
recognize a gain created through both depreciation deductions and actual asset appreciation
recognize a loss
�1231 ASSETS:
�1245 Recapture Example Scrap-Happy sells a machine with an adjusted basis of $6,000 for $10,000. Depreciation taken on the machine amounts to $2,500. What amount of gain is recaptured as ordinary and what amount is �1231 gain?
Answer: $10,000 Selling price
- 6,000 Adjusted basis
$4,000 Gain realized
Depreciation recapture = Lesser of:
Depreciation taken: $2,500
Gain realized: $4,000
Depreciation recapture (ordinary income) = $2,500
�1231 gain (capital gain) = $4,000 Gain realiz
�1250 Depreciation Recapture for Real Property
Depreciable real property (an office building or a warehouse), sold at a gain is subject to recapture called �1250 depreciation recapture
A modified version of the recapture rules called �291 depreciation recapture applies to corporations but not to other
Unrecaptured �1250 Gain for Individuals
Depreciable real property sold at a gain is �1250 property, but is generally no longer subject to �1250 recapture
The gain that would be �1245 recapture if the asset were �1245 property is called unrecaptured �1250 gain
Unrecaptured �1250 gain is �1231 ga
Characterizing Gains on the Sale of Depreciable Property to Related Persons (�1239)
All gain recognized from selling property i.e., a depreciable asset to a related-person buyer is ordinary income
Seller is required to recognize ordinary income for depreciation deductions the buyer will receive in the future
The tax laws are designed to
Other Provisions Affecting The Rate at which Gains are Taxed
Includes an individual and his or her controlled (more than 50 percent owned) corporation or partnership or a taxpayer and any trust in which the taxpayer (or spouse) is a beneficiary
Also includes two corporations that are members of the same controlled
Taxpayer could benefit from this strategy in three ways
accelerating losses into year 1
deferring gains until year 2
characterizing the gains and losses due to the �1231 netting process
�1231 Look-Back Rule
A nondepreciation recapture rule
Affects the character but not the amount of gains on which a taxpayer is taxed
Calculating Net �1231 Gains or Losses
Gains and losses from individual asset dispositions are annually netted together
Net �1231 gains may be recharacterized as ordinary income under the �1231 look-back rule
nonrecognition transaction
Like-Kind Exchanges
For an exchange to qualify as a like-kind exchange for tax purposes, the transaction must meet the following three criteria
-The property is exchanged "solely for like-kind" property.
-Both the property given up and the property received in the exchange b
Definition of Like-Kind Property
real property
Used in a trade or business or held for investment is considered "like- kind" with other real property used in a trade or business or held for investment
definition of Like-kind property
personal property
Considered "like-kind" if it has the same general use and is used in a business or held for investment
Property Ineligible for Like-Kind Treatment
Includes inventory, most financial instruments, partnerships interests, domestic property exchanged for property used in a foreign country and all property used in a foreign country
Timing Requirements for a Like-Kind Exchange
Like-kind property exchanges may involve intermediaries
Taxpayers must identify replacement "like-kind" property within 45 days of giving up their property
"Like-kind" property must be received within 180 days of when the taxpayer transfers property in a
Tax Consequences When Like-Kind Property Is Exchanged Solely for Like-Kind Property
Tax Consequences of Transfers Involving Like-Kind and Non-Like-Kind Property (Boot)
Non-like-kind property is known as boot
When boot is given as part of a like-kind transaction:
The asset received is recorded in two parts: property received in exchange for like-kind property and property received in a sale (bought by the boot)
When boot is received:
Boot received usually creates recognized gain
Gain recognized is lesser of gain realized or boot received
Adjusted basis of like-kind property received:
adjusted basis of like-kind property surrendered
+ adjusted basis of boot given
+gain recognized
-fair market value of boot received
-loss recognized = basis of like-kind property received
The basis of boot received is the fair market value of the boot
Reporting Like-Kind Exchanges
Involuntary Conversions
Gain is deferred when appreciated property is involuntarily converted in an accident or natural disaster
Basis of property directly converted is carried over from the old property to the new property
In an indirect conversion, gain recognized is the lesse
Installment Sales
Sale of property where the seller receives the sale proceeds in more than one period
Must recognize a portion of gain on each installment payment received
gross profit percentage = gross profit / contract price
Inventory, marketable securities, and deprec
Gains Ineligible for Installment Reporting
Other Nonrecognition Provisions
Related-person Loss Disallowance Rules
Tax laws essentially treat related persons as though they are the same taxpayer
Related persons are defined in �267 and include certain family members, related corporations, and other entities (partnerships)
Losses on sales to related persons are not dedu