NUR 475 Lab

EFM (electronic fetal monitoring) monitors ____ and ____.

contractions, fetal heart rate

External fetal heart monitoring is done using a ____ and ____.

Tocodynamometer (pressure transducer) and ultrasound transducer

External fetal heart rate monitors have a tocodynamometer (knob) placed ____ and an ultrasound transducer placed on the ____ using ____.

above the fundus, lower abdomen; jelly

In external fetal heart rate monitoring, the tocodynamometer measures ____ and the ultrasound transducer measures ____.

contractions, fetal heart rate

What is the main difference between internal and external fetal monitoring?

internal requires breaking the amniotic fluid membrane and carries risk for infection

In order to insert catheter electrodes for internal fetal monitoring, the cervix must be dilated at least ___.

1-2 cm

____ measures uterine pressure during contractions. The catheter measures the _____, _____, and ____ of contractions.

Intrauterine Pressure Catheter (IUPC); strength/intensity, frequency, intensity

The ____ (spiral electrode) measures fetal heart rate.

Fetal Scalp Electrode (FSE)

True or false: The strength of contractions can be accurately measured using external monitoring

False; external monitoring can only measure frequency

External monitoring is used for ____ pregnancy; internal monitoring is used for ____ pregnancy.

regular; high risk

Most contractions are _____ seconds in length.

40-90

What is a normal number of uterine contractions?

Average of 5 or less per 10 minutes over a 30 minute period

What is a normal fetal heart rate?

110-160 bpm

Variability in the baseline FHR is considered a ____ sign.

reassuring

_____ changes in FHR are associated with contractions; _____ changes are not.

Periodic, episodic

____ in fetal heart rate are considered reassuring; ____ are considered non-reassuring.

Accelerations, decelerations

Early deceleration is a ____ decrease in FHR caused by _____ during ____. They are usually ____ and occur during the ____ and ____ stages of labor.

gradual; fetal head compression, contractions; benign; first, second

Late deceleration is a ____ decrease in FHR caused by _____ during ____. When _____, they are considered non-reassuring because they indicate ____ (uteroplacental insufficiency).

gradual; fetal head compression, contractions; recurrent fetal hypoxemia

What characteristic makes a deceleration "late"?

nadir occurs after the peak of the contraction

Variable deceleration in FHR indicates ____ during uterine contraction. It is ____ on the monitor.

compression of the umbilical cord; U, V, or W-shaped

The APGAR assessment is performed at ____ and ____ after birth.

one, five

What are the five areas assessed by APGAR?

Appearance (skin color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle tone), and Respiration (breathing effort).

How is APGAR scored?

0-2, total of 10 pts, more is better

Most infants score an _____ on APGAR.

8-10