Reading Strategies I
Reading Strategies I
Reading Methods and Tools
What does it mean to be a good reader? Effective reading means more than simply understanding the words you read. As you become a more mature thinker, it will become increasingly important to read critically and to develop the sk
Using Sections of Textbooks
As a student, textbooks are a part of your daily academic life. Textbooks are organized so that you can learn the information they contain with ease and efficiency. Textbooks are divided into segments that contain reading and s
The part of a textbook that states the author's purpose is the _____.
preface/introduction
Using Features of Textbooks
Textbooks have special features designed to help you find, organize, and review material.
Titles, Headings, and Subheadings�Printed in large, heavy type and in different sizes and colors, headings give you an idea of what the m
Questions and Exercises�These are often located at the end of a chapter. Review questions and exercises before you read the chapter to give you an idea of the main points to look for as you read. Afterward, answer the questions and exercises to retain the
Titles, headings, and subheadings
features that divide the materials into sections and help the reader navigate
overviews
features that let the reader preview or review the chapter or unit
questions and exercises
features that help the reader practice and retain information
pictures, captions, and graphics
features that help present complex information or ideas in a clear format
Using Reading Strategies
Vary Your Reading Style�By the time you are a senior in high school, you have probably established a reading style that incorporates the following important reading skills:
Skimming
Scanning
Close reading
Understanding which skill
Skimming�Skimming involves reading a text quickly to get a general overview of its contents. You skim a book when you are previewing it or trying to get a broad idea of its meaning. Skimming is perhaps most useful to review material that you have previous
Close Reading to Find Patterns of Organization
Noticing the way a text is structured and organized will help you understand and retain the information. The main organizational patterns for nonfiction text are as follows:
Chronological Order
Spatial Order
What kind of organizing structure does this text use?
A) Comparison-Contrast. The sample discusses the similarities and differences in the book and movie versions of To Kill a Mockingbird.
skimming
looking at a library book to see whether its topics are those needed for a report
close reading
studying a textbook chapter for an upcoming test
scanning
gathering information from a book for a research project
Use Question-Answer Relationships (QARs)
Understanding how questions are written can help you answer them. There are four general types of questions. Learning to identify these types will help you answer questions more easily. You can also improve your re
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right there
answers can be found directly in the book
think and search
answer can be found in the book but you have to put together different pieces of information
author and you
answers can be found using your own prior knowledge and information in the book
on your own
answers can be found using your own thoughts and knowledge
Use the SQ4R Method
You can use a book's organization to your advantage by mastering the following six skills: Survey, Question, Read, Record, Recite, and Review, abbreviated as SQ4R. These skills will guide your reading and help you recall information la
In the SQ4R method, what is the purpose of surveying?
A) to preview the material
Using Graphic Organizers
A graphic organizer is an excellent tool for summarizing and reviewing information, as well as for showing relationships between ideas.
Match your choice of graphic organizer to the way in which the various parts of your subject a
Analyze Comparison-and-Contrast Structure
Venn Diagrams�Venn diagrams are extremely useful tools for demonstrating points of similarity and differences between two or more subjects. They can be used to analyze different characters, settings, or themes.
If
`Chart Main Points and Subtopics
Herringbone Organizers�These can help you organize your main ideas and supporting details, show multiple causes of a complex event, or pinpoint areas for research.
The sample shows how you would use a herringbone organizer
Analyze Historical Context
Context Charts�Context charts, like the one shown here, are useful for seeing a work of literature in its literary, cultural, and historical context.
Write It!
Read a chapter from one of your textbooks or a work of fiction. Use
Which graphic organizer best shows the causes of an event?
a herringbone organizer
Which textbook section provides a quick overview of the book and its organization?
table of contents
What is skimming?
reading a text quickly for a general overview
Which organizer is the best choice for organizing similarities and differences between two subjects?
Venn diagram
Using Text Features
In this section, we have learned the following:
Use textbook reading and study aids to help you understand and remember what you read.
Use the special features of your textbook to aid your reading and studying of the material.
Reading
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Reading Strategies II
Reading Strategies II
Reading Nonfiction Critically
Nonfiction is writing that has a basis in fact.
Nonfiction provides a fine source for gathering information on just about any subject.
However, just because information is published in a book or an article doesn't ensure that
Make Inferences�Not every point a writer makes is stated directly. It is often left up to the reader to "read between the lines" by making inferences, or drawing conclusions, based on what the writer does provide. For example, if a writer points out the m
Read the sentence.
The works of Shakespeare are still read today.
Based on this sentence, you can infer that Shakespeare _____.
was a great writer
Recognize the Author's Purpose or Bias�It is important to recognize that every writer wants to achieve a specific purpose through writing. Sometimes, this goal involves persuading readers or telling just one side of a story. When writing to persuade, writ
Let's look at a few more critical reading strategies.
Evaluate the Writer's Points or Statements�Note each of the facts, statistics, and other evidence that a writer offers in support of his or her position. Evaluate whether the examples are strong ones a
How can you evaluate a writer's statements?
Possible answers: You can use library materials or the Internet, talk to experts, or investigate situations on your own.
Which statement provides evidence that Jordan High School has achieved academic excellence?
Jordan High School's students get high scores on standardized tests.
Distinguishing Fact From Opinion
Now that you have learned the strategies in general, it is time for you to focus on one very important skill: distinguishing fact from opinion.
Not everything you read is true just because you see it in print. Learn to que
Let's review what you have learned so far.
A fact is the most reliable type of information because it can be verified, or proved true objectively. A fact can be verified in several ways: records searching, experimentation, and personal observation. The me
How should you evaluate the opinions of an author in a piece of nonfiction?
When opinions are presented in a piece of nonfiction, they should be thoroughly backed up by facts. When evaluating an author's opinions, check to see that the opinions have been thoroughly supported.
Why is it important to distinguish fact from opinion when reading magazines?
Possible answer: Your opinions about certain topics might differ from others' opinions. You should read the literature carefully and critically, then form your own opinions.
Which is a fact?
Apollo 11 was the first spacecraft to land on the moon.
Which is an opinion?
Valentina Tereshkova was extraordinarily brave.
Applying Modes of Reasoning
Having sound critical reasoning skills is an essential quality of an educated reader. In this section, you will learn about three types of critical reasoning skills:
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Logical fallacies
Rem
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning�Inductive reasoning is a strategy that proceeds from specific facts to a conclusion, or generalization, based on those facts.
A valid generalization is a statement supported by evidence and holds true in a large num
Which is an example of inductive reasoning?
Sasha made A's in all of her classes, so she must be a good student.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning�Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement that is assumed to be true and applies that statement to a particular case. A deductive argument is typically stated in a three-part formula called a syllogism.
Sy
Logical Fallacies
Logical Fallacies�Logical fallacies are errors in logic. One type of logical fallacy is a hasty generalization, a generalization based on only a few facts or samples. Tasting only one apple and deciding that the whole basket contains swe
Which is a non sequitur?
Swimming is good exercise, so swimmers are more fit than runners.
Other Forms of Reasoning
Induction and deduction are not the only forms of reasoning. There are two other forms that are used to draw valid conclusions: cause and effect and analogy.
A cause-and-effect sequence is one in which something is caused by one o
Which is an analogy?
Baking a cake is like completing a chemistry experiment.
Making Logical Connections
When you synthesize information, you combine information from different sources in order to gain a more complex understanding of a topic. Practice your synthesis skills by reading both of the following informative texts and conn
Text 2 - Arlington National Cemetery
Directions: Do a safe search online to find out about ceremonies that honor Memorial Day. Use the Arlington National Cemetery website and use keywords "Flags In" in order to learn about this tradition. Take notes about
Analyzing and Evaluating
Evaluate the Use of Language�Critical reading demands that you be attentive to the ways writers use language to convey their thoughts. You should be aware of the following types of language usage:
Denotation and connotation
Irony
Denotation and Connotation�When speakers or writers have a neutral attitude toward their subject and are simply interested in conveying information, they will use language in its denotative, or literal, sense. Speakers or writers who want to subtly influe
Write a denotative and a connotative description of what is happening in this photograph.
Possible answers: He caught the fly ball (denotative). He robbed the batter of a sure home run (connotative).
Irony�Irony refers to a contrast between perception and reality; between what is said and what is actually meant. Writers use irony to highlight key points and to create humor.
Example: Irony
The game flew by, lasting only five hours and extending into th
Inflated Language and Jargon�Inflated language refers to overly scholarly or scientific language. One type of inflated language is called jargon. Jargon is the specialized vocabulary used by people in a particular field. In its place, it is useful, but ja
What type of language usage does the following example contain? "Well, you certainly managed to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory out there," the coach told the losing team.
The sentence uses irony; there is a contrast between what is said and what is actually meant.
Read the sentence.
The singer's high notes stabbed my ears like jagged knives.
This sentence is an example of _____.
connotation
Read the sentence.
The speaker's hour-long explanation of the best way to press a shirt was the most fascinating thing I have ever heard.
This sentence is an example of _____.
irony
Read the sentence.
The day I failed Geometry, crashed into the garage door, and broke my arm was not the best day of my life.
This sentence is an example of _____.
understatement
Identify the Author's Purpose
When you have finished reading a work of nonfiction, draw your final conclusion about the work and its effectiveness by piecing together all the information you have gathered about the following:
The author's purpose
The use
Read the sentence.
Computers have had as large an influence on our lives as the printing press had on life during the Renaissance.
What type of statement is the sentence?
analogy
Reading Nonfiction
In this section, we have learned the following:
Use critical reading strategies to analyze, evaluate, and form judgments about nonfiction.
As you read, separate facts from opinions, and check to see that writers back up their opinions w
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Using Visual Aids and Multimedia
Using Visual Aids and Multimedia
Paintings, drawings, and photographs are all examples of visual art. To enrich your understanding and enjoyment of these works, you must interpret the various elements that make up the artwork.
Consider the following as you look at Edgar Degas' famous pai
It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words.
Print material, such as a magazine, storybook, or newspaper, often contains vivid illustrations, paintings, or photographs. These are all examples of visual representations in text.
These representation
Identifying Visual Aids
One type of visual representation�a visual aid�is a visual means of clarifying important points. Visual aids can come from both print and nonprint sources.
Print Sources
A print source is anything that uses the printed word as its
Nonprint Sources
A nonprint source is information that does not appear on a printed page, as a book or magazine article might be.
Instead, a nonprint source is televised, stored, or recorded in an image or a sound format. It also includes any source that
Enhancing Print Sources
Now that you have been introduced to the various types of print sources, you will learn in more detail about how to enhance these print sources for projects and assignments, such as research reports, essays, presentations, and even
Step 1: Think About It
First, choose a writing project that you would like to create in a more elaborate format. Think about how visual imagery can help you reach a wider audience, and choose an appropriate format.
Step 2: Lay It Out
The second step is to
Step 3: Display It
After choosing your layout, the next step is to decide what text features, such as type styles, or fonts, you will use. Some fonts are designed to be used for headlines and titles; other fonts are best used for body text. Headline fonts
Designing a Flyer
Now let's apply the four-step design process to a commonly-used print source�a flyer. Imagine you have been asked to design the flyer for the annual school picnic. Move through the activity as you read the following steps.
Step 1: Think
Using Visual Aids in Presentations
You have just learned the four-step process for creating print sources with visual aids. In school, you are often asked to incorporate these sources into your papers and presentations.
Remember, a visual aid is anything
Using Presentation Boards
What type of medium should you use for your visual presentation? There are several simple options for displaying information without a computer or an overhead projector, such as the following:
whiteboards
flip charts
poster board
Click or tap the image to see examples of graphic organizers.
Charts, Graphs, and Tables
Use graphic organizers to present survey statistics, trends, results of experiments or research, and other complex information. A trend is a pattern or tendency, such
Using Illustrations, Maps, and Diagrams
Graphic organizers are helpful for organizing data. However, illustrations, maps, and diagrams are useful for presenting the features of an object, a place, or a process.
Illustrations
For example, you might present
Maps
Maps are also effective visual aids. Finding information in maps involves understanding their features.
If you are presenting a map, decide which features you would like to emphasize, such as the following:
climate
population density
changes over his
Diagrams
There are many ways to present information when you use diagrams as your visual aid.
You can present processes, problems, and solutions in diagrams such as web diagrams or flow charts.
Main ideas and supporting details lend themselves to an outli
A student wants to show the population growth for the United States over a 10-year period.
What is the best type of visual aid for this presentation?
line graph showing the population for each of the 10 years
Summary
In this session, you have learned the following:
A visual aid is a visual means of clarifying important points.
A print source is anything that uses the printed word as its principal means of communication, and that is printed on a flat surface.
A
Defining Media
News of the day can come to you through a print source, such as the daily newspaper, or through a nonprint source, such as a television broadcast or the Internet.
In popular culture, the word "media" is often used when making references to
Media refers to a nonprint or an electronic source. How else has the term "media" come to be known in popular culture?
Media also refers to news organizations like cable TV networks.
Watching Televised News Media Programs
The news comes to viewers in a variety of nonprint ways. Take a look at the following televised ways you may be receiving your news:
daily news broadcasts
documentaries
interviews
newsmagazines
Look at the table to r
News Source
Purpose
News broadcast
Presents brief summaries of current events, illustrated by video footage
Documentary
A nonfiction film that analyzes news events or another specific subject by combining interviews, video footage, narration, and other au
Evaluating News Critically
Use the following strategies for evaluating information critically.
First, separate facts from opinions. Facts are proven statements. Opinions are beliefs in which some of the information presented might not be true.
Watch for b
What is bias?
A) information presented from only one point of view
Information Media: Commercials
You have learned some strategies for evaluating information you receive from the news media. Another form of information media you often encounter�on both television and the Internet�is commercials.
Read the slogans, or pers
Identifying Persuasive Techniques
When viewing commercials, consider the most common forms of persuasive techniques as you watch: glittering generalities, symbols, and bandwagon appeals.
Notebook
Glittering generalities are inspiring, broad statements tha
Symbols are images that stand for the qualities of another thing. An advertisement for a car may include symbols of wealth, power, and prestige, in addition to images of the actual car. Notice the diamond symbol in the advertisement.
Bandwagon appeals are
Summary
In this session, you have learned the following:
Media not only refers to nonprint sources, but it has also come to refer to news media sources.
Televised media sources include news programs, documentaries, interviews, and newsmagazines.
News medi
Planning a Multimedia Presentation
A multimedia presentation is a technique used for sharing information with an audience using various sources. Multimedia presentations use both print sources and nonprint media, including video images, slides, audio reco
There are certain steps you should take to plan a multimedia presentation.
The first step is to determine your topic. Once you decide on a topic, create an outline for the presentation. Next, determine the appropriate media that will make your presentatio
Creating Computer-Assisted Presentations
Following are the steps for creating a computer-assisted presentation:
Research your topic.
Create an outline with your main points.
Select visual aids or audio files to include in your presentation.
Using presenta
Handouts are printed pages such as an outline or lecture notes. You can also print the slides from your slide show to hand out to the audience. The drawback to providing handouts is that your audience might read them while you are speaking.
Equipment
What
What equipment do you need to present a slide show created with presentation software?
laptop computer, video projector, and projection screen
Preparing for a Multimedia Presentation
There are several steps to keep in mind when preparing for a multimedia presentation. The first step is to rehearse your presentation with the multimedia equipment. Become familiar with making adjustments to the equ
What precaution should you take in case your equipment fails?
Prepare handouts for the audience.
Producing a Video
Video is an effective type of media that you can use in a multimedia presentation. Video can give your presentation an added appeal, and knowing how to produce a video is a valuable skill to have.
A video can inform, entertain, persuade,
Producing a video includes several stages.
Begin by selecting a topic. In this case, the topic will support the points in your presentation that you wish to emphasize or demonstrate visually.
Next, create an outline of the events in the documentary. The o
Scheduling a Video Shoot
Once you have written your script and created a storyboard, you will need to think about how and where you will get your crew together for the video shoot.
Filming Locations
You will need to get permission to shoot video at all th
What is the next step in producing a video after creating a script and identifying the different scenes you will include?
A) create a storyboard
Shooting a Video
Video cameras allow people to record their experiences and express their ideas through the medium of videotape. In addition to operating the camera, videographers must learn to edit video footage to produce the effects they want.
While yo
A student wants to create a visual aid to show the election process.
Which type of visual aid would be the most effective?
A) diagram showing each step of the election process
Which program seeks to include the least amount of bias?
television news program
Which of the following is an example of a nonprint source?
illustration
What is the purpose of a bandwagon appeal in a commercial?
to make viewers believe they should buy a certain product because many other people use it
What is the definition of a documentary?
analysis of news events or other specific subjects by combining interviews, film footage, and other components
Look at the presentation slide. What is this an example of?
information presented in bullet points
Which shooting technique involves moving directly from one shot to another?
cutting
Visual Aids: Print and Nonprint Sources
Remember, visual aids are used to enhance important points through the use of visual means. Visual aids can come from both print and nonprint sources:
A print source is anything that uses the printed word as its pri
Print Sources
book
magazine
poster
newspaper
handout
flyer
brochure
Non print sources
map
illustration
photograph
video clip
artwork
Designing a Flyer
There are four steps for designing a flyer:
Think about it: planning the project
Lay it out: arranging the page
Display it: choosing text features
Illustrate it: adding visual elements
Explore the features of a flyer. Identify the follow
Interpreting Information from Nonprint Sources
Earlier you learned that in addition to print sources, such as newspapers, information may appear in nonprint sources, such as video images, audio recordings, slides, web pages, music, and artwork.
Purposes o
Critically Viewing Television Commercials
Remember that television commercials use persuasive techniques to sell a product or an idea. It is useful to be aware of these techniques when presented with consumer choices.
Review the three persuasive technique
Creating a Computer-Assisted Slide Presentation
Computer-assisted slide presentations are a very effective type of multimedia presentation.
To present a computer-assisted slide show, you need a laptop computer, video projector, and projection screen.
When
Producing a Video
You received an overview of the video production process. You learned the steps involved in producing a short documentary.
After choosing a topic and conducting research, a script and storyboard are created. A script contains the outline
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Reactions to Society's Ills
Reactions to Society's Ills
Background Information
Modest about her own genius, Jane Austen lived a quiet life devoted to her family. Although she never married, she nonetheless explored love, beauty, and marriage in her six novels, which include Pride and Prejudice, Emma, and Sense
What is the problem Jane Austen is trying to help her niece resolve in "On Making an Agreeable Marriage"?
A)how to handle her suitor if she doesn't want to commit to marrying him
Austen writes that she may not be of much use to her niece because her advice seems to wander from one opinion to the next. Read the following excerpt:
"My dearest Fanny, I am writing what will not be of the smallest use to you. I am feeling differently e
And, while Austen feels that her niece's tastes and sensibilities might be more refined than those of the fianc�, in the following excerpt she remarks that he has one quality that is very important.
"�There was a little disgust I suspect, at the Races�& I
What is the positive quality Austen points out about her niece's fianc�?
He is devoted to Fanny. This quality makes "all the difference," Austen writes.
In Jane Austen's letter to her niece, she argues both for and against the marriage.
What does Austen tell her niece is the mistake she makes�one "that thousands of women fall into"?
He is the first young man who has pursued her.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
�His situation in life, family, friends, & above all his Character�his uncommonly amiable mind, strict principles, just notions, good habits�all that you know so well how to value, All that really is o
Based on the details in this passage, what did women value in a suitor in Austen's day?
A) social position, good character, and academic achievement
Which is not a positive quality that Austen lists to argue in favor of the young man?
modesty
Read the passage.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
�Oh! my dear Fanny, the more I write about him, the warmer my feelings become, the more strongly I feel the sterling worth of such a young Man & the desirableness of your growing in l
In this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage," what is Jane Austen's opinion of Mr. J. P. and what does she think Fanny should do?
She approves of him and hopes that Fanny will soon change her mind.
While Austen argues in the letter both for and against the marriage, she seems to lean heavily in favor of the marriage, listing the many good qualities of the young man. Re-read the following excerpt to look for the final advice she gives her niece:
"�An
Does Austen ultimately encourage the marriage?
A) She encourages it only if her niece feels affection for her fianc�. Austen writes that it does not matter how suitable someone might be; what matters most is whether or not love is present.
Ultimately, Austen advises her niece to choose one of the following options:
Allow him to continue to pursue her
Behave coldly toward him so that he will stop pursuing her
You will notice that while Austen lists the young man's good qualities, she does no
Read the passage.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
I have no doubt of his suffering a good deal for a time, a great deal, when he feels that he must give you up;�but it is no creed of mine, as you must be well aware, that such sort of
Which statement best paraphrases this statement by Jane Austen to her niece?
If you leave him, he will suffer for a while, but he won't die from it.
Background Information
British women in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had few economic or legal rights. In most cases, a woman's property was legally her father's until she married, after which the property became her husband's. Women's ed
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Fastidious
particular; difficult to please
fortitude
courage; strength to endure
vindication
`
act of providing justification or support
What is the main idea of the selection from A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft?
Women are rendered "weak" in society because of a lack of proper education.
Now, take a look at another excerpt from an extended version of this work. In this excerpt, Wollstonecraft makes the argument that women have no way to excel in society except through marriage.
Take a look at the illustration. It is a representation of th
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From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
I have turned over various books written on the subject of education, and patiently observed the conduct of parents and the management of schools; but what has been the result?�a profound co
In this passage from A Vindication of the Rights of Women, what evidence does Mary Wollstonecraft give to persuade readers that she had identified the correct reason for women's problems?
A) She lists the research she has conducted about the problem.
From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
I have turned over various books written on the subject of education, and patiently observed the conduct of parents and the management of schools; but what has been the result?�a profound co
Select phrase which illustrates what Mary Wollstonecraft believes is the main reason that women of her age are "weak and wretched."
A) neglected education
From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
... like the flowers which are planted in too rich a soil, strength and usefulness are sacrificed to beauty; ...
In this line from A Vindication of the Rights of Women, what does Wollstonecr
A) Women end up focused too much on beauty instead of more useful skills.
From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
Indeed the word masculine is only a bugbear; there is little reason to fear that women will acquire too much courage or fortitude, for their apparent inferiority with respect to bodily stren
A) Wollstonecraft says women will always need men's physical help.
Literary Analysis: Social Commentary
In this section, you will read and work with two pieces of social commentary: "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austin and A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft.
Social commentary is writi
Now, let's read the following excerpt from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen. As you read, try to determine if this excerpt's social commentary is conscious or subconscious.
"And now, my dear Fanny, having written so much on one side of the
Does this letter reflect conscious or subconscious social commentary?
This is subconscious social commentary. Austen does not directly (consciously) attribute her niece's problem to the social customs of marriage in her day. Instead, by talking about her niece's dilemma and the young man's qualities, she is indirectly comme
In this line, Mary Wollstonecraft directly blames a social custom for a problem. What type of social commentary is she making?
conscious
Persuasion
Within these works of social commentary are techniques found in persuasion. Austen writes to provide advice to her niece, and Wollstonecraft seeks to persuade the general reader. Both, however, use these three persuasive appeals: logical, ethic
Logical Appeal
Take a look at the following passage from A Vindication of the Rights of Women. In it, Wollstonecraft makes a logical persuasive appeal. Wollstonecraft says that women, defined by beauty and frivolous accomplishments, could take on more use
What is the logical persuasive appeal?
Wollstonecraft asks to men to consider her "rational" reasoning. The implication is that if men cannot see the logic of her argument, they would have to consider their position illogical and irrational.
Ethical Appeal
You may recall that ethics has to do with moral principles. To make an ethical appeal is to make an appeal to a reader's sense of right and wrong.
See if you can spot Jane Austen's use of ethical appeal in the following passage from "On Mak
What is the ethical appeal?
Austen appeals to her niece's sense of ethics, or fair play. She tells her niece that it is not fair to keep having him think she is interested in him if, in fact, she is not.
Emotional Appeal
Take another look at the following passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage," reading it this time to find Austen's emotional appeal.
"Anything is to be preferred or endured rather than marrying without Affection; and if his deficien
Austen appeals to the emotions when she advises not to marry without affection.
Guided Practice
Now that you have had some practice with identifying appeals, try answering the following questions. Read the excerpt.
...From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
I have turned over various books written on the subj
Which persuasive appeal does Mary Wollstonecraft use in these lines?
A) ethical
Read the passage.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
All that really is of the first importance�everything of this nature pleads his cause most strongly.�You have no doubt of his having superior Abilities�he has proved it at the Univers
Which type of persuasive appeal does Jane Austen use in this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage"?
logical
logical persuasive appeal
You have no doubt of his having superior Abilities.
ethical persuasive appeal
I have no doubt of his suffering a good deal for a time, a great deal, when he feels that he must give you up.
emotional persuasive appeal
... not to think of accepting him unless you really do like him.
Back to the Essential Question
Checkpoint
Which author, Jane Austen or Mary Wollstonecraft, expresses a more radical view of women in her day?
Wollstonecraft expresses the more radical view. Her conviction is that women lack independence because of inferior education and so can only rise in the world through marriage.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
�And from the time of our being in London together, I thought you really very much in love.�But you certainly are not at all�there is no concealing it.�What strange creatures we are!�It seems as if you
In this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage," what does Jane Austen say about the change in Fanny's feelings?
A) Fanny seems to be in love, but now that she knows the man loves her, she is less interested in him.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
His only fault indeed seems Modesty. If he were less modest, he would be more agreeable, speak louder & look Impudenter;�and is not it a fine Character, of which Modesty is the only defect?�I have no d
In this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage," what does Jane Austen say is the problem with Mr. J. P., and what does she advise Fanny to do change Mr. J. P.?
A) Mr. J.P. is shy, so he is not much fun in groups. Fanny should spend more time with
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
�Things are now in such a state, that you must resolve upon one or the other, either to allow him to go on as he has done, or whenever you are together behave with a coldness which may convince him tha
How does this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" make a subconscious commentary about the social customs of Jane Austen's time?
A) Austen points out a problem caused by customs that kept women from speaking openly to their suitors.
From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
I have turned over various books written on the subject of education, and patiently observed the conduct of parents and the management of schools; but what has been the result?�a profound co
In Wollstonecraft's opinion, what is the chief reason for women's inferior social standing in her day?
A) their lack of education
unconscious social commentary
points to a problem caused by social customs without explicitly challenging those customs
conscious social commentary
directly attributes a problem to social customs
logical appeal
based on sound reasoning
emotional appeal
addresses a reader's feelings
ethical appeal
calls to an authority to establish credibility
Reading Strategies I
Reading Strategies I
Reading Methods and Tools
What does it mean to be a good reader? Effective reading means more than simply understanding the words you read. As you become a more mature thinker, it will become increasingly important to read critically and to develop the sk
Using Sections of Textbooks
As a student, textbooks are a part of your daily academic life. Textbooks are organized so that you can learn the information they contain with ease and efficiency. Textbooks are divided into segments that contain reading and s
The part of a textbook that states the author's purpose is the _____.
preface/introduction
Using Features of Textbooks
Textbooks have special features designed to help you find, organize, and review material.
Titles, Headings, and Subheadings�Printed in large, heavy type and in different sizes and colors, headings give you an idea of what the m
Questions and Exercises�These are often located at the end of a chapter. Review questions and exercises before you read the chapter to give you an idea of the main points to look for as you read. Afterward, answer the questions and exercises to retain the
Titles, headings, and subheadings
features that divide the materials into sections and help the reader navigate
overviews
features that let the reader preview or review the chapter or unit
questions and exercises
features that help the reader practice and retain information
pictures, captions, and graphics
features that help present complex information or ideas in a clear format
Using Reading Strategies
Vary Your Reading Style�By the time you are a senior in high school, you have probably established a reading style that incorporates the following important reading skills:
Skimming
Scanning
Close reading
Understanding which skill
Skimming�Skimming involves reading a text quickly to get a general overview of its contents. You skim a book when you are previewing it or trying to get a broad idea of its meaning. Skimming is perhaps most useful to review material that you have previous
Close Reading to Find Patterns of Organization
Noticing the way a text is structured and organized will help you understand and retain the information. The main organizational patterns for nonfiction text are as follows:
Chronological Order
Spatial Order
What kind of organizing structure does this text use?
A) Comparison-Contrast. The sample discusses the similarities and differences in the book and movie versions of To Kill a Mockingbird.
skimming
looking at a library book to see whether its topics are those needed for a report
close reading
studying a textbook chapter for an upcoming test
scanning
gathering information from a book for a research project
Use Question-Answer Relationships (QARs)
Understanding how questions are written can help you answer them. There are four general types of questions. Learning to identify these types will help you answer questions more easily. You can also improve your re
x
right there
answers can be found directly in the book
think and search
answer can be found in the book but you have to put together different pieces of information
author and you
answers can be found using your own prior knowledge and information in the book
on your own
answers can be found using your own thoughts and knowledge
Use the SQ4R Method
You can use a book's organization to your advantage by mastering the following six skills: Survey, Question, Read, Record, Recite, and Review, abbreviated as SQ4R. These skills will guide your reading and help you recall information la
In the SQ4R method, what is the purpose of surveying?
A) to preview the material
Using Graphic Organizers
A graphic organizer is an excellent tool for summarizing and reviewing information, as well as for showing relationships between ideas.
Match your choice of graphic organizer to the way in which the various parts of your subject a
Analyze Comparison-and-Contrast Structure
Venn Diagrams�Venn diagrams are extremely useful tools for demonstrating points of similarity and differences between two or more subjects. They can be used to analyze different characters, settings, or themes.
If
`Chart Main Points and Subtopics
Herringbone Organizers�These can help you organize your main ideas and supporting details, show multiple causes of a complex event, or pinpoint areas for research.
The sample shows how you would use a herringbone organizer
Analyze Historical Context
Context Charts�Context charts, like the one shown here, are useful for seeing a work of literature in its literary, cultural, and historical context.
Write It!
Read a chapter from one of your textbooks or a work of fiction. Use
Which graphic organizer best shows the causes of an event?
a herringbone organizer
Which textbook section provides a quick overview of the book and its organization?
table of contents
What is skimming?
reading a text quickly for a general overview
Which organizer is the best choice for organizing similarities and differences between two subjects?
Venn diagram
Using Text Features
In this section, we have learned the following:
Use textbook reading and study aids to help you understand and remember what you read.
Use the special features of your textbook to aid your reading and studying of the material.
Reading
...
Reading Strategies II
Reading Strategies II
Reading Nonfiction Critically
Nonfiction is writing that has a basis in fact.
Nonfiction provides a fine source for gathering information on just about any subject.
However, just because information is published in a book or an article doesn't ensure that
Make Inferences�Not every point a writer makes is stated directly. It is often left up to the reader to "read between the lines" by making inferences, or drawing conclusions, based on what the writer does provide. For example, if a writer points out the m
Read the sentence.
The works of Shakespeare are still read today.
Based on this sentence, you can infer that Shakespeare _____.
was a great writer
Recognize the Author's Purpose or Bias�It is important to recognize that every writer wants to achieve a specific purpose through writing. Sometimes, this goal involves persuading readers or telling just one side of a story. When writing to persuade, writ
Let's look at a few more critical reading strategies.
Evaluate the Writer's Points or Statements�Note each of the facts, statistics, and other evidence that a writer offers in support of his or her position. Evaluate whether the examples are strong ones a
How can you evaluate a writer's statements?
Possible answers: You can use library materials or the Internet, talk to experts, or investigate situations on your own.
Which statement provides evidence that Jordan High School has achieved academic excellence?
Jordan High School's students get high scores on standardized tests.
Distinguishing Fact From Opinion
Now that you have learned the strategies in general, it is time for you to focus on one very important skill: distinguishing fact from opinion.
Not everything you read is true just because you see it in print. Learn to que
Let's review what you have learned so far.
A fact is the most reliable type of information because it can be verified, or proved true objectively. A fact can be verified in several ways: records searching, experimentation, and personal observation. The me
How should you evaluate the opinions of an author in a piece of nonfiction?
When opinions are presented in a piece of nonfiction, they should be thoroughly backed up by facts. When evaluating an author's opinions, check to see that the opinions have been thoroughly supported.
Why is it important to distinguish fact from opinion when reading magazines?
Possible answer: Your opinions about certain topics might differ from others' opinions. You should read the literature carefully and critically, then form your own opinions.
Which is a fact?
Apollo 11 was the first spacecraft to land on the moon.
Which is an opinion?
Valentina Tereshkova was extraordinarily brave.
Applying Modes of Reasoning
Having sound critical reasoning skills is an essential quality of an educated reader. In this section, you will learn about three types of critical reasoning skills:
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Logical fallacies
Rem
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning�Inductive reasoning is a strategy that proceeds from specific facts to a conclusion, or generalization, based on those facts.
A valid generalization is a statement supported by evidence and holds true in a large num
Which is an example of inductive reasoning?
Sasha made A's in all of her classes, so she must be a good student.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning�Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement that is assumed to be true and applies that statement to a particular case. A deductive argument is typically stated in a three-part formula called a syllogism.
Sy
Logical Fallacies
Logical Fallacies�Logical fallacies are errors in logic. One type of logical fallacy is a hasty generalization, a generalization based on only a few facts or samples. Tasting only one apple and deciding that the whole basket contains swe
Which is a non sequitur?
Swimming is good exercise, so swimmers are more fit than runners.
Other Forms of Reasoning
Induction and deduction are not the only forms of reasoning. There are two other forms that are used to draw valid conclusions: cause and effect and analogy.
A cause-and-effect sequence is one in which something is caused by one o
Which is an analogy?
Baking a cake is like completing a chemistry experiment.
Making Logical Connections
When you synthesize information, you combine information from different sources in order to gain a more complex understanding of a topic. Practice your synthesis skills by reading both of the following informative texts and conn
Text 2 - Arlington National Cemetery
Directions: Do a safe search online to find out about ceremonies that honor Memorial Day. Use the Arlington National Cemetery website and use keywords "Flags In" in order to learn about this tradition. Take notes about
Analyzing and Evaluating
Evaluate the Use of Language�Critical reading demands that you be attentive to the ways writers use language to convey their thoughts. You should be aware of the following types of language usage:
Denotation and connotation
Irony
Denotation and Connotation�When speakers or writers have a neutral attitude toward their subject and are simply interested in conveying information, they will use language in its denotative, or literal, sense. Speakers or writers who want to subtly influe
Write a denotative and a connotative description of what is happening in this photograph.
Possible answers: He caught the fly ball (denotative). He robbed the batter of a sure home run (connotative).
Irony�Irony refers to a contrast between perception and reality; between what is said and what is actually meant. Writers use irony to highlight key points and to create humor.
Example: Irony
The game flew by, lasting only five hours and extending into th
Inflated Language and Jargon�Inflated language refers to overly scholarly or scientific language. One type of inflated language is called jargon. Jargon is the specialized vocabulary used by people in a particular field. In its place, it is useful, but ja
What type of language usage does the following example contain? "Well, you certainly managed to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory out there," the coach told the losing team.
The sentence uses irony; there is a contrast between what is said and what is actually meant.
Read the sentence.
The singer's high notes stabbed my ears like jagged knives.
This sentence is an example of _____.
connotation
Read the sentence.
The speaker's hour-long explanation of the best way to press a shirt was the most fascinating thing I have ever heard.
This sentence is an example of _____.
irony
Read the sentence.
The day I failed Geometry, crashed into the garage door, and broke my arm was not the best day of my life.
This sentence is an example of _____.
understatement
Identify the Author's Purpose
When you have finished reading a work of nonfiction, draw your final conclusion about the work and its effectiveness by piecing together all the information you have gathered about the following:
The author's purpose
The use
Read the sentence.
Computers have had as large an influence on our lives as the printing press had on life during the Renaissance.
What type of statement is the sentence?
analogy
Reading Nonfiction
In this section, we have learned the following:
Use critical reading strategies to analyze, evaluate, and form judgments about nonfiction.
As you read, separate facts from opinions, and check to see that writers back up their opinions w
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Using Visual Aids and Multimedia
Using Visual Aids and Multimedia
Paintings, drawings, and photographs are all examples of visual art. To enrich your understanding and enjoyment of these works, you must interpret the various elements that make up the artwork.
Consider the following as you look at Edgar Degas' famous pai
It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words.
Print material, such as a magazine, storybook, or newspaper, often contains vivid illustrations, paintings, or photographs. These are all examples of visual representations in text.
These representation
Identifying Visual Aids
One type of visual representation�a visual aid�is a visual means of clarifying important points. Visual aids can come from both print and nonprint sources.
Print Sources
A print source is anything that uses the printed word as its
Nonprint Sources
A nonprint source is information that does not appear on a printed page, as a book or magazine article might be.
Instead, a nonprint source is televised, stored, or recorded in an image or a sound format. It also includes any source that
Enhancing Print Sources
Now that you have been introduced to the various types of print sources, you will learn in more detail about how to enhance these print sources for projects and assignments, such as research reports, essays, presentations, and even
Step 1: Think About It
First, choose a writing project that you would like to create in a more elaborate format. Think about how visual imagery can help you reach a wider audience, and choose an appropriate format.
Step 2: Lay It Out
The second step is to
Step 3: Display It
After choosing your layout, the next step is to decide what text features, such as type styles, or fonts, you will use. Some fonts are designed to be used for headlines and titles; other fonts are best used for body text. Headline fonts
Designing a Flyer
Now let's apply the four-step design process to a commonly-used print source�a flyer. Imagine you have been asked to design the flyer for the annual school picnic. Move through the activity as you read the following steps.
Step 1: Think
Using Visual Aids in Presentations
You have just learned the four-step process for creating print sources with visual aids. In school, you are often asked to incorporate these sources into your papers and presentations.
Remember, a visual aid is anything
Using Presentation Boards
What type of medium should you use for your visual presentation? There are several simple options for displaying information without a computer or an overhead projector, such as the following:
whiteboards
flip charts
poster board
Click or tap the image to see examples of graphic organizers.
Charts, Graphs, and Tables
Use graphic organizers to present survey statistics, trends, results of experiments or research, and other complex information. A trend is a pattern or tendency, such
Using Illustrations, Maps, and Diagrams
Graphic organizers are helpful for organizing data. However, illustrations, maps, and diagrams are useful for presenting the features of an object, a place, or a process.
Illustrations
For example, you might present
Maps
Maps are also effective visual aids. Finding information in maps involves understanding their features.
If you are presenting a map, decide which features you would like to emphasize, such as the following:
climate
population density
changes over his
Diagrams
There are many ways to present information when you use diagrams as your visual aid.
You can present processes, problems, and solutions in diagrams such as web diagrams or flow charts.
Main ideas and supporting details lend themselves to an outli
A student wants to show the population growth for the United States over a 10-year period.
What is the best type of visual aid for this presentation?
line graph showing the population for each of the 10 years
Summary
In this session, you have learned the following:
A visual aid is a visual means of clarifying important points.
A print source is anything that uses the printed word as its principal means of communication, and that is printed on a flat surface.
A
Defining Media
News of the day can come to you through a print source, such as the daily newspaper, or through a nonprint source, such as a television broadcast or the Internet.
In popular culture, the word "media" is often used when making references to
Media refers to a nonprint or an electronic source. How else has the term "media" come to be known in popular culture?
Media also refers to news organizations like cable TV networks.
Watching Televised News Media Programs
The news comes to viewers in a variety of nonprint ways. Take a look at the following televised ways you may be receiving your news:
daily news broadcasts
documentaries
interviews
newsmagazines
Look at the table to r
News Source
Purpose
News broadcast
Presents brief summaries of current events, illustrated by video footage
Documentary
A nonfiction film that analyzes news events or another specific subject by combining interviews, video footage, narration, and other au
Evaluating News Critically
Use the following strategies for evaluating information critically.
First, separate facts from opinions. Facts are proven statements. Opinions are beliefs in which some of the information presented might not be true.
Watch for b
What is bias?
A) information presented from only one point of view
Information Media: Commercials
You have learned some strategies for evaluating information you receive from the news media. Another form of information media you often encounter�on both television and the Internet�is commercials.
Read the slogans, or pers
Identifying Persuasive Techniques
When viewing commercials, consider the most common forms of persuasive techniques as you watch: glittering generalities, symbols, and bandwagon appeals.
Notebook
Glittering generalities are inspiring, broad statements tha
Symbols are images that stand for the qualities of another thing. An advertisement for a car may include symbols of wealth, power, and prestige, in addition to images of the actual car. Notice the diamond symbol in the advertisement.
Bandwagon appeals are
Summary
In this session, you have learned the following:
Media not only refers to nonprint sources, but it has also come to refer to news media sources.
Televised media sources include news programs, documentaries, interviews, and newsmagazines.
News medi
Planning a Multimedia Presentation
A multimedia presentation is a technique used for sharing information with an audience using various sources. Multimedia presentations use both print sources and nonprint media, including video images, slides, audio reco
There are certain steps you should take to plan a multimedia presentation.
The first step is to determine your topic. Once you decide on a topic, create an outline for the presentation. Next, determine the appropriate media that will make your presentatio
Creating Computer-Assisted Presentations
Following are the steps for creating a computer-assisted presentation:
Research your topic.
Create an outline with your main points.
Select visual aids or audio files to include in your presentation.
Using presenta
Handouts are printed pages such as an outline or lecture notes. You can also print the slides from your slide show to hand out to the audience. The drawback to providing handouts is that your audience might read them while you are speaking.
Equipment
What
What equipment do you need to present a slide show created with presentation software?
laptop computer, video projector, and projection screen
Preparing for a Multimedia Presentation
There are several steps to keep in mind when preparing for a multimedia presentation. The first step is to rehearse your presentation with the multimedia equipment. Become familiar with making adjustments to the equ
What precaution should you take in case your equipment fails?
Prepare handouts for the audience.
Producing a Video
Video is an effective type of media that you can use in a multimedia presentation. Video can give your presentation an added appeal, and knowing how to produce a video is a valuable skill to have.
A video can inform, entertain, persuade,
Producing a video includes several stages.
Begin by selecting a topic. In this case, the topic will support the points in your presentation that you wish to emphasize or demonstrate visually.
Next, create an outline of the events in the documentary. The o
Scheduling a Video Shoot
Once you have written your script and created a storyboard, you will need to think about how and where you will get your crew together for the video shoot.
Filming Locations
You will need to get permission to shoot video at all th
What is the next step in producing a video after creating a script and identifying the different scenes you will include?
A) create a storyboard
Shooting a Video
Video cameras allow people to record their experiences and express their ideas through the medium of videotape. In addition to operating the camera, videographers must learn to edit video footage to produce the effects they want.
While yo
A student wants to create a visual aid to show the election process.
Which type of visual aid would be the most effective?
A) diagram showing each step of the election process
Which program seeks to include the least amount of bias?
television news program
Which of the following is an example of a nonprint source?
illustration
What is the purpose of a bandwagon appeal in a commercial?
to make viewers believe they should buy a certain product because many other people use it
What is the definition of a documentary?
analysis of news events or other specific subjects by combining interviews, film footage, and other components
Look at the presentation slide. What is this an example of?
information presented in bullet points
Which shooting technique involves moving directly from one shot to another?
cutting
Visual Aids: Print and Nonprint Sources
Remember, visual aids are used to enhance important points through the use of visual means. Visual aids can come from both print and nonprint sources:
A print source is anything that uses the printed word as its pri
Print Sources
book
magazine
poster
newspaper
handout
flyer
brochure
Non print sources
map
illustration
photograph
video clip
artwork
Designing a Flyer
There are four steps for designing a flyer:
Think about it: planning the project
Lay it out: arranging the page
Display it: choosing text features
Illustrate it: adding visual elements
Explore the features of a flyer. Identify the follow
Interpreting Information from Nonprint Sources
Earlier you learned that in addition to print sources, such as newspapers, information may appear in nonprint sources, such as video images, audio recordings, slides, web pages, music, and artwork.
Purposes o
Critically Viewing Television Commercials
Remember that television commercials use persuasive techniques to sell a product or an idea. It is useful to be aware of these techniques when presented with consumer choices.
Review the three persuasive technique
Creating a Computer-Assisted Slide Presentation
Computer-assisted slide presentations are a very effective type of multimedia presentation.
To present a computer-assisted slide show, you need a laptop computer, video projector, and projection screen.
When
Producing a Video
You received an overview of the video production process. You learned the steps involved in producing a short documentary.
After choosing a topic and conducting research, a script and storyboard are created. A script contains the outline
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Reactions to Society's Ills
Reactions to Society's Ills
Background Information
Modest about her own genius, Jane Austen lived a quiet life devoted to her family. Although she never married, she nonetheless explored love, beauty, and marriage in her six novels, which include Pride and Prejudice, Emma, and Sense
What is the problem Jane Austen is trying to help her niece resolve in "On Making an Agreeable Marriage"?
A)how to handle her suitor if she doesn't want to commit to marrying him
Austen writes that she may not be of much use to her niece because her advice seems to wander from one opinion to the next. Read the following excerpt:
"My dearest Fanny, I am writing what will not be of the smallest use to you. I am feeling differently e
And, while Austen feels that her niece's tastes and sensibilities might be more refined than those of the fianc�, in the following excerpt she remarks that he has one quality that is very important.
"�There was a little disgust I suspect, at the Races�& I
What is the positive quality Austen points out about her niece's fianc�?
He is devoted to Fanny. This quality makes "all the difference," Austen writes.
In Jane Austen's letter to her niece, she argues both for and against the marriage.
What does Austen tell her niece is the mistake she makes�one "that thousands of women fall into"?
He is the first young man who has pursued her.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
�His situation in life, family, friends, & above all his Character�his uncommonly amiable mind, strict principles, just notions, good habits�all that you know so well how to value, All that really is o
Based on the details in this passage, what did women value in a suitor in Austen's day?
A) social position, good character, and academic achievement
Which is not a positive quality that Austen lists to argue in favor of the young man?
modesty
Read the passage.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
�Oh! my dear Fanny, the more I write about him, the warmer my feelings become, the more strongly I feel the sterling worth of such a young Man & the desirableness of your growing in l
In this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage," what is Jane Austen's opinion of Mr. J. P. and what does she think Fanny should do?
She approves of him and hopes that Fanny will soon change her mind.
While Austen argues in the letter both for and against the marriage, she seems to lean heavily in favor of the marriage, listing the many good qualities of the young man. Re-read the following excerpt to look for the final advice she gives her niece:
"�An
Does Austen ultimately encourage the marriage?
A) She encourages it only if her niece feels affection for her fianc�. Austen writes that it does not matter how suitable someone might be; what matters most is whether or not love is present.
Ultimately, Austen advises her niece to choose one of the following options:
Allow him to continue to pursue her
Behave coldly toward him so that he will stop pursuing her
You will notice that while Austen lists the young man's good qualities, she does no
Read the passage.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
I have no doubt of his suffering a good deal for a time, a great deal, when he feels that he must give you up;�but it is no creed of mine, as you must be well aware, that such sort of
Which statement best paraphrases this statement by Jane Austen to her niece?
If you leave him, he will suffer for a while, but he won't die from it.
Background Information
British women in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had few economic or legal rights. In most cases, a woman's property was legally her father's until she married, after which the property became her husband's. Women's ed
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Fastidious
particular; difficult to please
fortitude
courage; strength to endure
vindication
`
act of providing justification or support
What is the main idea of the selection from A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft?
Women are rendered "weak" in society because of a lack of proper education.
Now, take a look at another excerpt from an extended version of this work. In this excerpt, Wollstonecraft makes the argument that women have no way to excel in society except through marriage.
Take a look at the illustration. It is a representation of th
x
From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
I have turned over various books written on the subject of education, and patiently observed the conduct of parents and the management of schools; but what has been the result?�a profound co
In this passage from A Vindication of the Rights of Women, what evidence does Mary Wollstonecraft give to persuade readers that she had identified the correct reason for women's problems?
A) She lists the research she has conducted about the problem.
From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
I have turned over various books written on the subject of education, and patiently observed the conduct of parents and the management of schools; but what has been the result?�a profound co
Select phrase which illustrates what Mary Wollstonecraft believes is the main reason that women of her age are "weak and wretched."
A) neglected education
From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
... like the flowers which are planted in too rich a soil, strength and usefulness are sacrificed to beauty; ...
In this line from A Vindication of the Rights of Women, what does Wollstonecr
A) Women end up focused too much on beauty instead of more useful skills.
From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
Indeed the word masculine is only a bugbear; there is little reason to fear that women will acquire too much courage or fortitude, for their apparent inferiority with respect to bodily stren
A) Wollstonecraft says women will always need men's physical help.
Literary Analysis: Social Commentary
In this section, you will read and work with two pieces of social commentary: "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austin and A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft.
Social commentary is writi
Now, let's read the following excerpt from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen. As you read, try to determine if this excerpt's social commentary is conscious or subconscious.
"And now, my dear Fanny, having written so much on one side of the
Does this letter reflect conscious or subconscious social commentary?
This is subconscious social commentary. Austen does not directly (consciously) attribute her niece's problem to the social customs of marriage in her day. Instead, by talking about her niece's dilemma and the young man's qualities, she is indirectly comme
In this line, Mary Wollstonecraft directly blames a social custom for a problem. What type of social commentary is she making?
conscious
Persuasion
Within these works of social commentary are techniques found in persuasion. Austen writes to provide advice to her niece, and Wollstonecraft seeks to persuade the general reader. Both, however, use these three persuasive appeals: logical, ethic
Logical Appeal
Take a look at the following passage from A Vindication of the Rights of Women. In it, Wollstonecraft makes a logical persuasive appeal. Wollstonecraft says that women, defined by beauty and frivolous accomplishments, could take on more use
What is the logical persuasive appeal?
Wollstonecraft asks to men to consider her "rational" reasoning. The implication is that if men cannot see the logic of her argument, they would have to consider their position illogical and irrational.
Ethical Appeal
You may recall that ethics has to do with moral principles. To make an ethical appeal is to make an appeal to a reader's sense of right and wrong.
See if you can spot Jane Austen's use of ethical appeal in the following passage from "On Mak
What is the ethical appeal?
Austen appeals to her niece's sense of ethics, or fair play. She tells her niece that it is not fair to keep having him think she is interested in him if, in fact, she is not.
Emotional Appeal
Take another look at the following passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage," reading it this time to find Austen's emotional appeal.
"Anything is to be preferred or endured rather than marrying without Affection; and if his deficien
Austen appeals to the emotions when she advises not to marry without affection.
Guided Practice
Now that you have had some practice with identifying appeals, try answering the following questions. Read the excerpt.
...From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
I have turned over various books written on the subj
Which persuasive appeal does Mary Wollstonecraft use in these lines?
A) ethical
Read the passage.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
All that really is of the first importance�everything of this nature pleads his cause most strongly.�You have no doubt of his having superior Abilities�he has proved it at the Univers
Which type of persuasive appeal does Jane Austen use in this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage"?
logical
logical persuasive appeal
You have no doubt of his having superior Abilities.
ethical persuasive appeal
I have no doubt of his suffering a good deal for a time, a great deal, when he feels that he must give you up.
emotional persuasive appeal
... not to think of accepting him unless you really do like him.
Back to the Essential Question
Checkpoint
Which author, Jane Austen or Mary Wollstonecraft, expresses a more radical view of women in her day?
Wollstonecraft expresses the more radical view. Her conviction is that women lack independence because of inferior education and so can only rise in the world through marriage.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
�And from the time of our being in London together, I thought you really very much in love.�But you certainly are not at all�there is no concealing it.�What strange creatures we are!�It seems as if you
In this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage," what does Jane Austen say about the change in Fanny's feelings?
A) Fanny seems to be in love, but now that she knows the man loves her, she is less interested in him.
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
His only fault indeed seems Modesty. If he were less modest, he would be more agreeable, speak louder & look Impudenter;�and is not it a fine Character, of which Modesty is the only defect?�I have no d
In this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage," what does Jane Austen say is the problem with Mr. J. P., and what does she advise Fanny to do change Mr. J. P.?
A) Mr. J.P. is shy, so he is not much fun in groups. Fanny should spend more time with
From "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" by Jane Austen
�Things are now in such a state, that you must resolve upon one or the other, either to allow him to go on as he has done, or whenever you are together behave with a coldness which may convince him tha
How does this passage from "On Making an Agreeable Marriage" make a subconscious commentary about the social customs of Jane Austen's time?
A) Austen points out a problem caused by customs that kept women from speaking openly to their suitors.
From A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft
I have turned over various books written on the subject of education, and patiently observed the conduct of parents and the management of schools; but what has been the result?�a profound co
In Wollstonecraft's opinion, what is the chief reason for women's inferior social standing in her day?
A) their lack of education
unconscious social commentary
points to a problem caused by social customs without explicitly challenging those customs
conscious social commentary
directly attributes a problem to social customs
logical appeal
based on sound reasoning
emotional appeal
addresses a reader's feelings
ethical appeal
calls to an authority to establish credibility