systole & diastole
events of atrial & ventricular contraction and relaxation, respectively
cardiac cycle
one complete heartbeat
1. atrial and ventricular relaxation
2. atrial contraction and ventricular relaxation
3. ventricular contraction, atrial relaxation
atrial and ventricular relaxation
av valves open and semilunar valves closed
ventricular contraction, atrial relaxation
av valves closed and semilunar valves open. aortic pressure: 120 mmHg
length of cycle
0.8 sec, heart beat: 75 beats/min
heart sounds
-s1 (lub)
-s2 (dup)
lub
closure of av valves at the beginning of ventricular contraction
dup
occurs as the semilunar valves close. during relaxation of the ventricles
abnormal heart sounds
valvular probs
routine places to auscultate
right and left sternal border at apex
sounds of aortic semilunar valve are heard in...
2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin
sounds of pulmonary semilunar valve are heard in..
2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin
sounds of mitral valve are heard...
over heart apex, in 5th intercostal space in line w middle of clavicle
sounds of tricuspid valve are typically heard in..
right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space; variation include over sternum or over left sternal margin in 5th intercostal space
pulse
refers to the alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur w each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle
pulse pressure
diff between systolic and diastolic pressure
pulse rate
70 to 76 beats/min
abnormalities in the heart
regularity of the pulse, rhythmic, tension
apical-radial pulse
stethoscope placed over the 5th intercostal space, just inside the mid-clavicular line
radial pulse
is palpated by the tip of three central fingers placed along the outer aspect of the wrist
palpating superficial pulse points
blood pressure
pressure that blood exerts against any unit area of blood vessel walls and vice versa
bp usually measured in..
arteries and rarely in veins
systolic pressure
pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular ejection (120 mmHg)
diastolic pressure
pressure during ventricular relaxation (80 mmHg)
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
MAP = [systolic pressure + 2(diastolic pressure)]/3
blood pressure=
cardiac output x peripheral resistance
cardiac output
volume of the blood pumped out of the left ventricle per unit time
co=
sv x heart rate
stroke volume (sv)=
edv - esv
end diastolic volume (edv)
the volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole, just before cardiac contraction
end systolic volume (esv)
the small quantity of blood remaining in the ventricles at the end of systole
cardiac output depends on...
activity level
sphygomomanometer
blood pressure cuff