Hyperthermia
Abnormally high body temperature
Hypothermia
abnormally low body temperature
Hyperthermia has been a cause of
death in secondary and college settings
Regardless of conditioning
caution must be taken in hot, humid conditions
Hyperthermia can occur in _________ or _________ weather
hot or cold
Metabolic Heat Production
Normal metabolic function results in production of heat (will increase with intensity of exercise)
Conductive Heat Exchange
Physical contact with other objects can result in either heat loss or heat gain
Convective Heat Exchange
Body heat can be lost or gained depending on circulation of medium
Radiant Heat Exchange
Radiant heat from sunshine increases body temperature.
evaporative heat loss
Process by which sweat glands in the skin allow water to be transported to the surface, where it then evaporates, taking large quantities of heat with it.
Why is heat illness more likely to occur in humid conditions?
The body cannot evaporate sweat as effectively due to the moisture in the air
The best way to check for hydration
Urine color
Lemonade colored urine
Hydrated urine
Completely clear urine
Overhydrated urine
Apple juice colored urine
Dehydrated urine
mild dehydration
loss of 1-2 L of water (2% of body weight)
Signs of dehydration
thirst, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, irritability, lethargy, excessive fatigue, and possibly cramps
fluid replacement
should match fluid loss
Why should you not rely on thirst as a measure of proper fluid replacement?
The body is already mildly dehydrated when you are thirsty
What are the steps to determine how much fluid to replace?
1. Make sure athlete is hydrated before activity
2. Take a nude/minimally clothed weight
3. Exercise (keep track of any water consumed)
4. Take another nude/minimally clothed weight
5. Drink 1 liter of fluid for every 2.2 pounds lost
Gradual Acclimatization
becoming accustomed to heat and also getting used to exercising in hot temperatures
NCAA guidelines for preseason football
5 day progressive activity and equipment protocol
Individuals who are more susceptible to heat illness
Large muscle mass, overweight individuals, men, younger people, elderly people, history of heat illness, febrile conditions
Rubberized suits
should never be used for athletic uniforms
sling psychrometer
wet and dry thermometers that measures relative humidity (requires a chart)
heat rash/prickly heat
Benign condition associated with red, raised rash, combined with prickling with sweat
Result of continuously wet un-evaporated sweat
Continually toweling the body will prevent
Generally localized to areas covered with clothing
Heat Syncope
fainting that occurs when the body attempts to cool itself by dilating the blood vessels
Exertional Heat Cramps
Painful muscle spasms that occur most commonly in the calf and abdomen, although any muscle can be involved.
Exertional Heat Exhaustion
Caused by prolonged sweating leading to dehydration and an inability to sustain adequate cardiac output
Exertional heat stroke
Symptoms include: Stopped sweating, temperature at 104, increased respiration, rapid pulse, flushed skin, loss of consciousness, diarrhea, vomiting
Submersion in water, activate EMS (call 911)
treatment for exertional heat stroke
3 factors that cause hypothermia
Low temperature, wind chill, dampness/wetness
frost nip
- involves ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers, and toes
- occurs when there is a high win, severe cold, or both
- skin initially firm but then blisters 24-72 hours after
Frost bite
the freezing of body tissue
chilblains
inflammation of the hands and feet caused by exposure to cold and moisture
superficial frostbite
involves only the skin and subcutaneous tissue
deep frostbite
tissues are frozen, immediate hospitalization, tissues are cold, hard, pale, and numb, rapid rewarming is required
Raynaud's phenomenon
a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
condition that occurs a result of acute exposure to high altitude due to a low partial pressure of oxygen
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
A condition of unknown cause in which fluid accumulates in the lungs at altitude, interfering with ventilation, resulting in shortness of breath and fatigue, and characterized by impaired blood oxygenation, mental confusion, and loss of consciousness.
High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
A condition of unknown cause in which fluid accumulates in the cranial cavity at altitude; characterized by mental confusion that can progress to coma and death.
Sickle cell reaction at high altitude
Decreased oxygen at higher elevation can cause the red blood cells to change shape (sickle shape), can lead to large spleen that has the potential to rupture at high altitudes
SPF
sun protection factor
SPF 30
Protects skin from burning/turning red 30x longer than skin with no protection
flash to bang method
-count # of seconds until bang occurs and divide by 5 to determine the number of miles away . if count is <30, danger
-30 min pass before RTP
Most common injuries on artificial turf
Abrasions (turf burn)
Turf toe (hyperextension of big toe)