A very young puppy presents with a history of milk coming from his nose and seems to cough and gurgle when he eats. What deformity commonly results in this presentation?
Persistent right aortic arch
Occluded sinus
Esophageal stricture
Cleft palate
Stenoti
A common presentation for cleft palate is milk coming from a puppy's (or kitten's) nose after or during eating.
It is a defect that affects the upper lip and/or the roof of the mouth. Cleft palate can involve only the soft tissue in the back of the mouth
What is a sarcolemma?
A contractile cell in the muscle
Connective tissue putting muscle fibers into groups
The cell membrane which encloses a muscle fiber
A calcium storage unit in the muscle
A sarcolemma is a thin membrane enclosing a striated muscle fiber, or simply the cell wall of a muscle cell.
A sarcomere is the contractile unit of a myofibril, or muscle cell. Sarcomeres are repeating units and are located between Z lines of the muscle c
Which vessel transports blood from the intestines to the liver?
Renal artery
Hepatic duct
Vena cava
Portal vein
Explanation - The portal vein is responsible for transporting the nutrient-dense blood from the intestines to the liver.
You have assisted with multiple biopsies on a pet. You are asked to package up the samples for submission. You have taken several samples including GI tract, liver, and skin. What is the best way to package these?
In formalin with a 10:1 ratio of formalin
Formalin is used to preserve the integrity of the cells for biopsy. A 10:1 ratio of formalin to tissue is recommended.
Why is nitrous oxide contraindicated in gastrointestinal surgeries?
Causes hypersegmentation of the bowel
Causes vomiting
Longer recovery due to delayed GI emptying
Causes flatulence
Causes nitrous build up in the GI tract
Nitrous oxide moves into closed gas spaces such as the intestines. As such, its use is contraindicated in bowel surgeries.
You should also be aware that nitrous oxide decreases fractional inspired oxygen levels, although this can be managed and monitored
Chronic exposure to which hormone leads to a pyometra?
Testosterone
Luteinizing hormone
Progesterone
Estrogen
Pyometra is often related to increased progesterone levels and their effect on the lining of the uterus.
Prolonged exposure to estrogen can cause bone marrow suppression.
A client presents with her 8-week old puppy. She wants to know when she can be spayed. What is the ideal recommended age for spays and neuters?
5-6 months
The younger the better, as young as 2 weeks
8-10 months
10-12 weeks
The ideal age for this procedure is 5-6 months of age. This helps to decrease the anesthetic risk that may occur in younger animals but allows for the procedure before the first heat cycle. The first heat cycle typically occurs around 6-8 months of age.
M
A purse-string suture would be been placed for which of the following surgeries?
Enterotomy
Enucleation
Perianal mass excision
Cystotomy
A purse-string suture is a surgical suture passed as a running stitch in and out along the edge of a circular region (as seen with the anus), so that when the ends of the suture are drawn tight the region is closed like a purse.
This is often done around
The retina is innervated by which cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve III
Cranial Nerve VI
Cranial Nerve IV
Cranial Nerve II
Cranial Nerve I
The optic nerve (II) provides the sensory input to the brain to produce visual images. CN I is the olfactory nerve, CN III is the oculomotor nerve, CN IV is the trochlear nerve, and CN VI is the abducens nerve.
In a horse, what is the most common surgical approach to the abdominal cavity?
Parasaggital incision
Transverse incision
Ventral midline incision
Flank incision
Similar to small animals, the most common approach performed is a ventral midline incision. This provides excellent exposure of abdominal organs. A flank incision may be preferred in special circumstances but is not performed as routinely. A parasaggital
A client has called your hospital to schedule a castration to be performed on her rabbit. The owner says she remembers that she had to fast her dog when he got neutered and asks if she should do the same for the rabbit. What is the correct response?
The r
Small rodents and rabbits do not vomit, therefore, there is generally no reason to withhold food or water prior to anesthesia. Withholding food from rabbits can trigger digestive disturbances that can be fatal.
Which of the following is NOT true concerning a penrose drain?
It is a soft, thin-walled, collapsible, latex rubber tube
Fluid drains around the penrose tube, not through it
It is a passive drain
It is also referred to as a closed suction drain
The penrose drain is a passive drain composed of soft, thin-walled latex. The drain is placed so that the fluid within the site will drain around the outside of the drain, not through it.
A closed suction drain is an active drain that sucks fluid from the
Clipping an abdomen for a ventral midline laparotomy is one of the more common procedures done as a surgical nurse working with dogs and cats. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
The abdomen should be clipped from the manubrium to the pubi
The abdomen should be clipped widely with at least 2 cm margins cranial to the xiphoid and 2 cm caudal to the pubis. The manubrium is the most cranial bone of the sternum and would imply clipping the chest, which is not necessary for a laparotomy. Occasio
The pancreas connects to which part of the intestine?
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Duodenum
The pancreas connects to the duodenum (the first segment of the small intestine). It secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.
Which describes the proper order of intestinal segments?
Jejunum, duodenum, ileum, colon
Jejunum, ileum, duodenum, colon
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
Ileum, duodenum, jejunum, colon
The proper order of the GI tract is: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon.
The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum make up the small intestine. The cecum is the pouch that connects the small intestine to the colon (the large intestine).
When doing a tie-over bandage, which suture would be the best suited for the "loop sutures" located around the wound periphery?
5-0 Polysorb suture
5-0 non-absorbable suture
0 or 1-0 monofilament non-absorbable suture
2-0 catgut suture
2-0 multifilament a
For the loop sutures, you want a strong and non-absorbable suture. A 0 or 1-0 size suture is the largest and strongest of these choices.
A horse is presented for a surgical procedure. What is the best time to administer perioperative antibiotics to the patient? JG
When the surgeon makes the first cut
Within 1 hour of cut time
1 hour post-operatively
When the incision is being closed
The best time to administer antibiotics for a surgical patient is within 1 hour of cut time. Antibiotics are most effective and can provide therapeutic levels to the patient when they are given within 60 minutes of cut time. Subsequent doses may need to b
A dog has dislocated his hip joint and the doctor has reduced the dislocation. What can be used to hold the hip in place?
Robert Jones bandage
Strict cage rest
Ehmer sling
External fixator
The Ehmer sling is a figure-eight type of bandage that keeps the affected hindlimb in the flexed position. When the hip is dislocated, the joint capsule becomes torn. The goal of the Ehmer sling is to hold the hip joint in place after the joint has been r
Which of the following is NOT considered good surgical instrument care?
Using tap water
Using cleaning agents at a pH of approximately 10
Using an ultrasonic cleaner
Using a brush to scrub the instruments
- The use of tap water for cleaning surgical instruments is not recommended since it carries a high likelihood of leaving mineral deposits on the instruments; distilled water is preferred. Cleaning agents that have a higher pH (between approximately 9 and
Which of the following could be used for hemostasis at the site of a liver punch biopsy?
Silver nitrate
Styptic powder
Gelfoam
Bone wax
Gelfoam is a sterile compressed sponge that is intended to aid in hemostasis; it allows for absorption of blood and formation of a clot at the bleeding site. It has a very useful application in liver biopsies.
Bone wax controls bleeding from bone and func
A Jamshidi needle is used for which of the following procedures?
Liver core biopsy
Bone marrow aspirate
Bone marrow core biopsy
Joint tap
Cerebrospinal fluid tap
- A Jamshidi needle is used to obtain a bone marrow core by inserting the needle into the cortical bone, usually of the iliac crest, and then rotating back and forth to cut a piece of bone. A Michele trephine is also used for the same purpose.
Nerve axons which are covered with a white sheath are known as being which of the following?
Dead
Sympathetic
Slow transmitters
Myelinated
The myelin sheath is lipid-rich (made of cholesterol and phospholipids) which gives it its white color. The purpose of the myelin sheath is to increase the speed at which impulses can travel.
What is the name for the muscle group that includes the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius?
Hamstrings
Gluteals
Quadriceps
Triceps
Quad" means four, and the Quadriceps femoris is a large group of muscles that cover most of the middle thigh. This muscle group extends the knee. The rectus femoris originates on the ilium and also flexes the hip. The other three muscles originate from t
Of the following list of retractors which one is not self-retaining?
Weitlaner retractor
Balfour retractor
Senn Rake retractor
Gelpis retractor
The Senn Rake retractor is not self-retaining and is considered a hand-held retractor. Its main use is for retracting small muscle bellies, ligaments, and tendons. Other examples of hand-held retractors include the Army-Navy, Myerding, and malleable retra
A surgeon is asking for any non-absorbable suture to close a skin defect. Which of the following sutures would NOT be appropriate for you to give the surgeon?
Nylon
Polydioxanone
Silk
Polypropylene
Polydioxanone is the real name for PDS. This suture is a monofilament absorbable suture which lasts approximately 180 days before being completely broken down. Silk, polypropylene, and nylon are all considered non-absorbable. Polypropylene and nylon are s
When performing orthopedic surgery, it is sometimes necessary to advance a pin into the medullary canal of a bone. Which of the following instruments should the surgeon be provided to advance a pin?
Mallet
Osteotome
Periosteal Freer elevator
Jacobs chuck
A chuck key is used to tighten the Jacobs chuck around the pin. Once the pin is secured, a back-and-forth twisting motion at the wrist is used to drive the pin through the medullary canal of bone. An osteotome is the orthopedic version of a chisel. A mall
While evaluating a post-operative patient, a small amount of serosanguinous fluid is noted oozing from the surgical incision. What is the best course of action?
Start the patient on antibiotics
Notify the veterinarian
Apply a bandage over the incision
Cle
The first thing you should do is notify the veterinarian in charge. It is possible that this is the beginning of an incisional dehiscence, and a veterinarian should be notified of the situation. Depending on the nature of the surgery as well as the health
A method of castration that is performed without incising the skin is known as:
Inguinal castration
Occult castration
Closed castration
Cryptic castration
Closed castration is the method of castration commonly used in large animals. One of the primary reasons is the lack of blood at the surgery site. An open castration would be more likely to attract insects and cause disease susceptibility in a field situa
Ingesta must travel through which opening as it passes through the stomach into the duodenum?
Duodenal papilla
Pyloric sphincter
Anal sphincter
Bile duct
Lower esophageal sphincter
The pylorus connects the stomach to the upper small intestine.
The lower esophageal sphincter is between the esophagus and stomach.
The anal sphincter is muscle around the anus that helps with anal tone.
The duodenal papilla is a raised area that marks th
The tibiotarsal joint may also be referred to as which of the following?
Elbow
Stifle
Hock
Shoulder
The tibiotarsal joint (the joint between the distal tibia and the tarsus) is also commonly called the hock.
The small intestine is made up of four layers. Which of the following describes these layers from inside to outside?
Serosa, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis
Serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis
Muscularis, submucosa, mucosa, serosa
Mucosa, submucosa, muscu
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
The inner most layer of the intestine is the mucosa. It is lined with villi which help to absorb nutrients. The next layers working outward are the submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
A dog has recently obtained a fresh superficial linear wound after lacerating its flank on a fence. Within what time period can this wound be optimally repaired by primary closure?
2 hours
8 hours
3-5 days
12-24 hours
After 8 hours pass, the wound tissue starts to become increasingly compromised, and risk of infection and necrosis increase.
Primary closure is used when a wound is classified as clean or clean-contaminated. Closure of these involves immediate lavaging, s
Bandages are commonly placed on the legs of animals after surgical procedures to help prevent swelling and protect the incision. They can also be used to help stabilize fractures or protect wounds. Which of the following is NOT a sign of a potential banda
Swelling of the neck would definitely be alarming but would not be associated with a bandage complication. Bandage complications are usually seen as a result of slippage, wetting, or soiling, which result in bandage sores. Additionally, slippage or improp
A canine patient just received open hip reduction surgery. What type of bandage do you use on this limb?
The Spica splint
The Velpeau sling
The Ehmer sling
The Schroeder-Thomas splint
The Ehmer sling keeps the femoral head deeply seated within the acetabulum by internally rotating and abducting the hip.
The Velpeau sling prevents weight-bearing on the forelimb by cradling the forelimb against the shoulder and chest wall.
The Spica spli
What is the name for the triangular region of the bladder where the ureters and urethra are connected to the bladder?
Medulla
Body
Cortex
Fundus
Trigone
The trigone is a smooth triangular part of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral openings and the internal urethral opening.
The fundus is an anatomical term referring to the portion of an organ opposite from its opening (i.e. fundus of
Which of the following is NOT a good recommendation to make to an owner after having had a declaw performed on their cat?
Discourage licking or chewing of the toes
Use clay based litter in the litter box
Monitor the bandages for slippage
Restrict his acti
Typical "gravel-type" clay litter will stick to the incisions and may perpetuate complications with healing and subsequent osteomyelitis. Therefore, it is important to confirm that owners are using approved litter such as torn paper towels or newspaper to
Which of the following statements is LEAST correct regarding dystocias and Cesarean sections?
Not all dystocias can be treated medically
The gravid female may have difficulty breathing when anesthetized
Metabolic alterations such as hypocalcemia should be
When performing anesthesia for a cesarean delivery, it is of absolute importance to consider the anesthetic protocol since the fetuses will be affected by the anesthetics delivered to the female. It is best to keep anesthesia time to a minimum to reduce a
An incision made from xyphoid to pubis would be found where?
Ventral chest over the sternum
Over the dorsal hip region
Ventral midline
Ventral cervical region
The xyphoid is the lowest part of the sternum. The pubis is one of the bones that makes up the hip. An incision from xyphoid to pubis implies a ventral midline incision as is customarily performed during abdominal exploratories.
Which of the following delays wound healing?
Increased blood supply
Jagged edges
Bed of granulation tissue
Infection
Bacteria and inflammation from infection cause direct cellular damage. This can cause separation of tissues, which leads to infection and delays healing time.
Granulation tissue is a normal part of healing unless it becomes exuberant.
Other factors which
The parotid gland is responsible for making and secreting which of the following?
Epinephrine
Saliva
Sebum
Oxytocin
Tears
The parotid is the largest of the salivary glands.
Sebum is made by the sebaceous glands. Epinephrine is made by the adrenal glands. Oxytocin is made by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland.
A puppy presents for his caudectomy procedure. What is being performed?
Dewclaw removal
Soft palate repair
Tail removal
Testicle removal
Caudectomy is the removal of an animal's tail. Tail "docking" and tail amputation are caudectomy procedures
What is the typical length of time that an incision should be monitored after an uncomplicated surgery?
48 hours
2 weeks
5 days
21 days
Most incisions will heal in approximately 10-14 days. Although the skin has not fully returned to its pre-surgical strength, this is enough time that an incisional complication is extremely unlikely. Incisions should be carefully monitored for excessive p
What is the name of the portion of the stomach that attaches to the esophagus?
Cardia
Duodenal papilla
Hypopharynx
Pylorus
The cardia is the anatomical term for the portion of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia overlaps but does not contain the lower esophageal sphincter.
The pylorus is where the stomach opens into the duodenum.
A feline patient presents for onychectomy. What does this entail?
Surgical nail removal
Neuter
Anal gland expression
Bladder stone removal
Nail trim
Onychectomy, mostly known as declawing, is an operation to surgically remove an animal's nails by means of amputating the distal phalanx.
Castration is a common procedure performed in horses. How is a horse commonly positioned for the procedure?
Dorsal recumbency with legs spread wide
Dorsal recumbency with legs "hog" tied
Lateral recumbency with upper rear leg tied around neck
Dorsal recum
Lateral recumbency with upper rear leg tied around neck
The most common position for a horse castration is lateral recumbency with the upper rear leg tied around the neck. It is extremely important to confirm that both testicles are descended prior to hea
The placenta supplies the fetus with oxygen via which structure?
Ductus venosus
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
Left portal vein
Foramen ovale
The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
The foramen ovale is an opening in the septum between the atria in the heart of the fetus w
Which of the following types of wounds would most benefit from a wet-to-dry bandage?
A dog that has a lick granuloma on its forelimb that is severely inflamed
A dog that has a scrape on its hock with a large surface area
A dog with a clean cut on its side
A dog hit by a car that has an open wound with gravel debris and macerated tissues
Wet-to-dry bandages best serve the purpose for debriding necrotic tissue, especially in the cases of trauma where the wounds are dirty and have the potential of having tiss
What is the best method for handling tissues during abdominal surgery when they must be placed outside of the peritoneal cavity?
Tissues and organs should never be exteriorized from the abdomen
Tissues and organs outside the abdomen should be covered in a
Tissues and organs should always be handled with exceptional care. To avoid desiccation, all tissues/organs should be intermittently moistened with sterile saline or wrapped in saline-impregnated gauze or lap sponges. Antibiotic-impregnated solutions are
What is the standard temperature and duration accepted for autoclaving?
1200 degrees Fahrenheit for 60 minutes
400 degrees Fahrenheit for 20 minutes
250 degrees Fahrenheit for 13 minutes
150 degrees Fahrenheit for 55 minutes
Autoclaving standard is 250 degrees Fahrenheit (121 degrees Celsius) for 13 minutes.
Where is the subcutaneous tissue in relation to the dermis?
The subcutaneous tissue runs within the dermis
Immediately above the dermis
Immediately below the dermis
Two layers above the dermis
The epidermis is the outermost later of the skin. This is followed by the dermis. Underneath the dermis lies the subcutaneous tissue.
A Finochietto retractor is specifically designed for
rib retraction
balfour retractors are designed for retraction of the
abdominal wall
Gelpis retractors are used to increase visibility in
small areas such as the knee joint
A patient has sustained a burn to the skin corresponding to the area where the electrocautery ground plate had been placed. What is the most likely reason this occurred?
The ground plate had poor contact with the patient's skin
The electrocautery unit was
Poor contact between the ground plate and the skin can result in a burn to the patient. To reduce this risk, conductive gel is spread along the ground plate to help improve the level of contact with the patient's skin. Switching to bipolar mode by acciden
Where would you find a Sertoli cell tumor?
Adrenal gland
Testicle
Brain
Kidney
Pancreas
Sertoli cells are striated cells in the seminiferous tubules that aid in spermatogenesis by providing nourishment for sperm cells. They are present in the testicle.
Which suture type is non-absorbable and would be ideal for placing skin sutures in a laceration?
Chromic gut
Polysorb
Monocryl
Maxon
Ethilon
Ethilon is nylon suture. Nylon sutures are non-absorbable and are often used for skin sutures that will be removed.
Which of the following correctly describes a "surgeon's knot" which may be used to close tissues where tension makes it difficult to apply a regular square knot?
When applied correctly, it results in moderate inversion of the tissue
It is an alternative t
It involves passing one strand through the loop twice on the first throw
A surgeon's knot is produced by passing one strand through the loop twice on the first throw of a square knot. It is for closure of tissues where tension on the tissues makes it diff
A Myerding retractor is typically used in orthopedics to hold
muscle bellies out of the surgical field
what type of retractor is a Deaver
handheld
Asepsis implies which of the following?
There is no living organism present
There are less than 100 colonies of bacteria present
There are only symbiotic bacteria present
There are less than 1000 colonies of bacteria present
Asepsis means absolutely no living organisms present. The concept of aseptic technique is very important, and technicians should be very aware of sterility in the operating room. This includes walking within the room, passing instruments, prepping the pat
One of the most common incisional complications encountered in veterinary surgery is the formation of a seroma. Which of the following is a poor treatment choice for an incision diagnosed with a seroma?
Exercise restriction
Warm compress
Placement of a dr
Seromas are not infections and do not need to be treated with antibiotics. They consist of serous fluid, which is usually secondary to excessive dissection or "dead-space" that was created during surgery. Excessive activity and motion at the surgical site
Which of the following conditions would cause the bowel to appear plicated
Parvovirus
GI stasis
String foreign body
Inflammatory bowel disease
A string foreign body causes a plicated or accordion type appearance to the bowel. This occurs because the string often gets anchored up further orad (usually around the base of the tongue) and as it passes, it bunches up the intestines.
A dog owner is considering having a scheduled cesarean section for her dog and would like some more information regarding the risks associated with the procedure. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Performing a spay at the time of surgery does not
Performing a spay at the time of surgery does not affect milk production
It is important to be aware that performing a spay at the time of surgery does not have a detrimental effect on the female. There are no adverse effects on milk production or predict
n extracapsular repair involves placing a synthetic suture material like heavy gauge fishing line spanning in a similar orientation as the cranial cruciate ligament, except the material is
outside the joint. This is a very common surgery performed in small breed dogs with ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments.
Which of the following suture/needle combination is most commonly used in veterinary medicine?
Swaged, curved needle
Swaged, straight needle
Eyed, straight needle
Eyed, curved needle
A swaged needle is one that has the suture connected to the needle. It is essentially "eye-less". Curved needles are preferentially used to suture all anatomic structures such as fascia, subcutaneous tissue, dermis, and skin. Eyed needles have a hole at t
Which of the following is NOT an indication for replacing the bandage on a dog 24 hours after a tibial fracture repair with a bone plate?
Toes are moderately swollen
Occasional toe-touching with the limb
Distal aspect was slightly urinated on while walkin
Occasional toe-touching after a major fracture repair is to be expected. The other answer choices are "red-flags", and the bandage should be replaced and the incision evaluated to ensure there are no impending complications.
Which animal might receive a perineal urethrostomy?
A dog that has a puppy stuck in the birth canal
A male cat with a urethral obstruction
A dog with a pus-filled uterus
A female dog with a large bladder stone
Perineal urethrostomies are performed in male cats with a urethral blockage. The procedure is performed when a cat has had multiple episodes of obstruction or when the obstruction cannot be relieved manually.
The procedure entails making a new opening in
When is the optimal time to clean surgical instruments?
24 hours after surgery
1 hour after surgery
15 minutes after surgery
Immediately after surgery
Surgical instruments should be cleaned immediately after surgery. This will help to prevent blood and other residue from drying onto the instruments, which would make them more difficult to clean later. In addition, immediate cleaning and drying helps dec
The retina is innervated by which cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve VI
Cranial Nerve II
Cranial Nerve I
Cranial Nerve IV
Cranial Nerve III
The optic nerve (II) provides the sensory input to the brain to produce visual images. CN I is the olfactory nerve, CN III is the oculomotor nerve, CN IV is the trochlear nerve, and CN VI is the abducens nerve.
Which of the following forceps is most appropriate for use in reducing a fracture?
Kelly forceps
Kern forceps
Rochester-Oschner forceps
Rochester-Carmalt forceps
The Kern bone-holding forceps have gripping teeth that allow them to manipulate bone fragments without slipping from the bone.
Rochester-Oschner forceps are thin in comparison to Kern forceps. They have a "rat-tooth-like" end and are not suitable for mani
Which of the following instruments is best suited for removing bone, such as may be done when removing the dorsal spinous process during spinal surgery?
Rochester-Carmalt forceps
Rongeur
Kern forceps
Mallet
he rongeur can have a single-action or double-action mechanism that allows for relatively easy removal of dense material such as bone. It comes with a sharp, scoop-shaped tip. The kern forceps is used to help hold bone fragments in reduction during a frac
In which situation would perioperative antibiotics NOT be indicated?
Excisional biopsy of a 2cm mass
An orthopedic procedure lasting 1 hour
Surgery on a patient with diabetes mellitus
Surgery on a patient treated with glucocorticoids
Surgery on a patient
Diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and chronic steroid therapy can all result in immunosuppression; these patients should be treated with perioperative antibiotics unless the surgeon specifically requested that an antibiotic not be used in the event
The skin of a prepped surgical site is considered:
Sterile
Aseptic
Contaminated
Bacteria-free
Aseptic means the number of bacteria has been reduced below the level that would overwhelm the body's defenses. It is not possible to completely sterilize the skin.
Note that "aseptic" and "aseptic technique" have slightly different meanings than the term
A 1-year old pregnant female bulldog presents with a history of unproductive labor. The dog has not had contractions in several hours, and the veterinarian has requested a chemistry panel. What value would be most important on this panel?
Potassium
Sodium
Low ionized calcium levels are an indication of eclampsia. Changes in sodium, potassium and albumin, while important in the overall assessment of the patient, do not give information as to the ability of the patient to produce uterine contractions.
In what position is colic surgery most commonly performed?
Standing
Dorsal recumbency
Ventral recumbency
Lateral recumbency
The correct answer is dorsal recumbency (horse is laying on his/her back). Dorsal recumbency usually provides the best access to the horse's organs when performing colic surgery.
Placing a horse in dorsal recumbency requires a skilled team which is able t
Which of the following retractors would you hand a surgeon if he/she needs to be able to retract the liver out of the way?
Senn Rake retractor
Gelpis retractor
Balfour retractor
Malleable retractor
Malleable retractors are bendable in multiple directions and have no sharp edges. This makes them ideal to use in areas such as the abdomen to gently push delicate organs out of the way.
Senn rake retractors are small hand-held retractors that are usually
When assisting with a forelimb declaw, it is helpful to place a tourniquet to help control hemorrhage. Where should the tourniquet be placed?
Over the proximal humerus
Directly around the digit upon which the surgeon is working
Just proximal to the elbow
The optimal placement of the tourniquet is just below or distal to the elbow.
Placing the tourniquet above the elbow can result in damage to the radial nerve, which will result in an inability for the patient to use the limb if the damage is permanent. Pl
Novalsan is also known as which of the following?
Chlorhexidine
Isopropyl alcohol
Betadine
Phenol
- Novalsan and Hibiclens are both names of chlorhexidine solutions or scrub.
The small intestine is made up of four layers. Which of the following describes these layers from inside to outside?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
Serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis
Muscularis, submucosa, mucosa, serosa
Serosa, mucosa, submucos
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
Explanation - The inner most layer of the intestine is the mucosa. It is lined with villi which help to absorb nutrients. The next layers working outward are the submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
An emasculator tool is used in which procedure?
Hoof testing
Castration
Teeth floating
Enucleation
Explanation - An emasculator is a tool used in the castration of livestock. It functions to simultaneously crush and cut the spermatic cord, preventing hemorrhaging.
The hip joint is known as which of the following?
Glenohumeral
Ileocecal
Femorotibial
Coxofemoral joint
Coxofemoral joint
this is the joint where the coxae (pelvis bone) meets the femur (leg bone). The joint is where the head of the femur meets the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the ball and socket joint.
Ileocecal does not refer to a joint at all, but re
Which of the following is NOT a component of an incisional dehiscence secondary to infection?
Cold to the touch
Swelling
Pain
Purulent discharge
Cold to the touch
Incisional dehiscences are very serious, and the sooner they are identified the better. When dealing with an abdominal or thoracic incision, it is that much more important to recognize a problem early before there are life-threatening co
Chronic exposure to which hormone leads to a pyometra?
Testosterone
Luteinizing hormone
Progesterone
Estrogen
Pyometra is often related to increased progesterone levels and their effect on the lining of the uterus.
Prolonged exposure to estrogen can cause bone marrow suppression.
When is generally considered the optimal time to spay a dog?
At 2 years of age
Anytime after the second estrus, but before the third
Anytime after the third estrus
At approximately 6 months of age
Spaying before the first estrus dramatically reduces the lifetime likelihood of developing mammary neoplasia. Dogs that are spayed after the first estrus have an 8% chance of developing mammary neoplasia. Dogs spayed after the second estrus have a 24% cha
Which suture type is non-absorbable and would be ideal for placing skin sutures in a laceration?
Monocryl
Maxon
Ethilon
Chromic gut
Polysorb
Ethilon is nylon suture. Nylon sutures are non-absorbable and are often used for skin sutures that will be removed.
A dog presents with a 1-week old wound on her side. The wound is foul-smelling and has dead tissue. What term best describes this wound?
Fluctuant
Necrotic
Fistulated
Ulcerated
Necrosis is the death of living tissues and is used to describe lesions such as this.
An ulcer is an erosion of the skin or mucous membranes.
A fistula is a connection or passageway in between two areas (a hole).
Fluctuant means movable or compressible (i
The surgeon accidentally drops this clamp on the floor. You pick it up and he asks for another one. What is the name of this instrument? (see image)
Carmalt clamp
Kelly clamp
Backhaus clamp
Mayo clamp
The image shows a Kelly clamp. Note that a Kelly clamp has grooves that run perpendicular to the blades (opposite the length of the blade). The Kelly clamp is used to clamp off bleeding vessels or vascular tissues. The grooves on the Kelly run halfway dow
The shoulder joint links which two bones?
Radius and ulna
Humerus and radius
Scapula and humerus
Humerus and ulna
- The shoulder joint connects the scapula and the humerus. The head of the humerus sits at glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint.
The elbow would connect the humerus to the radius and ulna
An "FHO" would most likely be performed on a patient with which of the following problems?
Incontinence
Ovarian cysts
Blindness from glaucoma
Arthritic hip
FHO" stands for Femoral Head Osteotomy. This procedure is removal of the femoral head from the hip joint. It is often performed when there is severe arthritis of a hip or due to fracture or disease from trauma to that hip joint.
he dog's abdominal region may also be referred to as which of the following?
Dorsal region
Ventral region
Proximal region
Anterior region
Cranial is toward the head; caudal is toward the tail. Ventral is toward the abdomen; dorsal is toward the backbone. Lateral is away from midline and medial is toward midline. Proximal is close to the spine or body while distal is away; these are typicall
Which of the following instruments is the least traumatic to use on the intestine?
Curved mosquito forceps
Debakey forceps
Brown-Adson forceps
Rat-toothed forceps
The Debakey forceps are thumb forceps designed to be atraumatic. The other thumb forceps listed are traumatic and should not be used when handling delicate organs. Curved mosquito forceps are great for controlling bleeding vessels, but they are traumatic
A suture pack with a cutting needle would be used on which of the following?
Intestine
Skin
Urinary bladder
Gall bladder
A cutting needle is ideal for skin. Cutting edge needles are not typically used when an airtight or watertight suture line is needed (like the bladder, intestines, etc.)
Which of the following terms describes an incision into the bladder?
Cystotomy
Dystocia
Cystectomy
Cystocentesis
When a word ends with "-otomy" it means an incision or to cut into organ. For example, an enterotomy is an incision into the intestine just as a cystotomy is an incision into the bladder. Words that end in "-ectomy" mean that they are being removed. So a
Which instrument is specifically designed for atraumatically clamping across the intestine?
Kelly forceps
Crile forceps
Halted mosquito forceps
Doyen forceps
Rochester-Carmalt
Doyen forceps are the only forceps used in veterinary medicine for atraumatically occluding a loop of bowel. All the other forceps mentioned will result in trauma to the intestine and are not recommended for use on either the intestine or any other delica
The surgeon clamps off a bleeding blood vessel. It could be said that the surgeon achieved which of the following?
Coagulation
Fibrinolysis
Hemolysis
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is to stop bleeding or hemorrhage. Coagulation is the complex process by which blood forms clots which has not yet necessarily occurred in this example. Fibrinolysis is the process of breaking down of clot. Hemolysis is the rupturing of erythro
The broad ligament attaches which structure to the body?
Intestines
Spleen
Bladder
Uterus
The broad ligament is attaches the uterus to the pelvis.
A 9-year old Greyhound presents to your clinic with an ulcerating mast cell tumor, located subcutaneously over the left scapula. You immediately schedule the dog for a wide surgical excision after no evidence of metastatic disease is identified on a compl
n this case, thiopental is contraindicated because the patient is a sighthound. Thiopental is an ultra-short acting barbiturate. Recovery depends on redistribution to tissues, including fat. Because sighthounds have very little fat, they have prolonged re
After finishing a routine enterotomy, the surgeon prepares to perform a leak check of the site. What instruments should you hand the surgeon?
Sterile suction tip and gauze
Sterile saline and the appropriate sized suture
Sterile red rubber catheter and sal
A leak check is performed by occluding both sides of intestine several centimeters from the enterotomy and then injecting sterile intraluminal saline, with a syringe. As the intestine fills with saline the incision site is evaluated for obvious leakage. L
In the United States, what is the appropriate color of an oxygen gas tank?
Yellow
Green
Black
Blue
Gray
Green indicates oxygen
Gray = carbon dioxide
Yellow = medical compressed air
Blue = nitrous oxide
Black = nitrogen
Brown = helium
Other countries use different color markings. Gas mixtures are indicated by two or more designated colors on the cylinder.
An animal is hit by a car and has a broken leg in which the bone is sticking out through the skin. This is an example of which fracture type?
Compound
Comminuted
Spiral
Greenstick
Compound
Oblique - a fracture which goes at an angle to the axis
Comminuted - a fracture of many relatively small fragments
Spiral - a fracture which runs around the axis of the bone
Compound - a fracture which breaks the skin
Greenstick - a fracture of s
A puppy presents to your clinic for surgery because he has an intussusception. What happened to the puppy?
He has a tear in his body wall, and his abdominal contents are protruding into the subcutaneous region
His intestine is twisted at the root of the m
Intussusception is the telescoping of one part of the bowel into an adjacent segment. This problem is most often seen in younger animals with a history of diarrhea.
A tear in the body wall is a hernia.
Mesenteric volvulus is twisting of the intestine at t
In regards to the musculoskeletal system, what is the function of an abductor muscle?
Moves a limb toward median plane
Moves a limb away from the median plane
Prevents rotational movement of a limb
Will not allow a limb to move away from the median plane
Abduction is movement away from the median plane.
Adduction is movement toward the median plane.
Which organ can be completely removed and is not required to sustain life?
Heart
Liver
Intestines
Spleen
The spleen can be surgically removed. The other organs listed are essential to life.
Only a portion of the liver could be resected as the liver is needed to sustain life. The liver also has the ability to regenerate.
How can a technician determine if a pack was sterilized appropriately?
An indicator strip inside the pack changes color
The tape on the outside of the pack is not broken
The pack is double wrapped prior to autoclaving, ensuring sterility
The pack is steam
The only way to know for sure if a pack has received appropriate sterilization is if the indicator strip changes color inside the pack.
The pancreas connects to which part of the intestine?
Ileum
Cecum
Duodenum
Jejunum
The pancreas connects to the duodenum (the first segment of the small intestine). It secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.
A dog is having a mass removed from his side. What is the general term for this procedure?
Lumpectomy
Tumorectomy
Massectomy
Mastectomy
Buldgectomy
- A lumpectomy is the proper term for mass removal.
A mastectomy is removal of a mammary gland.
The other terms listed are not real terms used in veterinary medicine.
What is the name for the triangular region of the bladder where the ureters and urethra are connected to the bladder?
Body
Cortex
Trigone
Fundus
Medulla
The trigone is a smooth triangular part of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral openings and the internal urethral opening.
The fundus is an anatomical term referring to the portion of an organ opposite from its opening (i.e. fundus of
After performing intestinal surgery, there is a small possibility of complications. What would be the consequence of an intestinal dehiscence?
Sterile peritonitis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Septic abdomen
Persistent diarrhea and intermittent vomiting
The intestines are lined with bacteria, and any contamination of intestinal contents within the abdomen may result in bacterial colonization and, subsequently, septic peritonitis (septic abdomen). The peritoneum is the lining of the abdomen, and the "itis
Which structure is NOT a part of the equine large intestine?
Pelvic Flexure
Left Dorsal Colon
Ileum
Cecum
Right Dorsal Colon
The ileum is part of the small intestine.
The large intestine of the horse starts with the cecum and continues with the right ventral colon, sternal flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon,
What structure connects the kidneys to the bladder?
Trigone
Ureter
Urethra
Loop of Henle
The kidneys connect to the bladder via the ureters.
The bladder excretes urine to the outside via the urethra.
The trigone is the smooth triagular region inside the bladder that is formed by the area where the ureters and urethra attach to the bladder.
Th
Which of the following best describes a seroma?
A fluid pocket at an incision site that is not infected
A pocket or distribution of air under the skin
A mass of immune cells that forms due to tissue injury that can occur from trauma or surgery
A fluid poc
A seroma is a pocket of fluid that sometimes develops at a surgery site post-op. It is typically a clear or pink serous fluid and is not infected. It often builds up in dead space or from a suture reaction.
An abscess is a pocket of pus (infection).
Air u
In which part of the intestinal tract is nutrient absorption the greatest?
Ileum
Colon
Duodenum
Jejunum
Explanation - The jejunum is the longest portion of the small intestine and is the site of the most nutrient absorption.
Asepsis implies which of the following?
There is no living organism present
There are less than 1000 colonies of bacteria present
There are only symbiotic bacteria present
There are less than 100 colonies of bacteria present
Asepsis means absolutely no living organisms present. The concept of aseptic technique is very important, and technicians should be very aware of sterility in the operating room. This includes walking within the room, passing instruments, prepping the pat
Which type of fracture occurs at the growth plate and is seen in young animals?
Transverse
Greenstick
Oblique
Salter-Harris
Comminuted
Salter-Harris fractures are pediatric fractures occurring at the growth plate.
A greenstick fracture is a hair-line type fracture that is not separated from the bone shaft.
An oblique fracture (often called a spiral fracture) is a break in the shaft that
Which of these therapies would prevent weight-bearing of a limb?
Mason-Meta splint
Schroeder-Thomas splint
Ehmer sling
Fiberglass cast
Two common examples of slings which prevent weight-bearing are:
1) Ehmer sling- used for coxofemoral luxations (dislocated hips) to hold hip in place
2) Velpeau Sling- used for shoulder luxation or after shoulder surgery
Splints provide rigid support and
A fracture has just been repaired with a 3.5 mm screws. What is the 3.5 mm in reference to?
Thread type
Pitch
Screw diameter
Screw length
he number is in reference to the screw diameter. The pitch of a screw describes the number or distance between each thread. The two main types of thread used are cortical and cancellous. Cortical screws are designed for dense bone; cancellous screws are m
The adrenal glands are closest to what other structure?
Kidneys
Pancreas
Liver
Bladder
Brain
The adrenal glands are located right above the kidneys. The bladder sits in the caudal abdomen ventral to the colon. The liver is just caudal to the diaphragm and is the most cranial organ in the abdomen. The right limb of the pancreas runs parallel with
When scrubbing in for a surgery, the minimum time for a scrub is which of the following?
15 minutes
1 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
One of the most important parts of scrubbing in for surgery is contact time of the scrub on the skin. The minimum time for scrubbing is 5 minutes. Most scrubs take an average of 5 to 8 minutes.
When applying a bone plate to fix a fracture, which of the following instruments would be least useful?
Trocar
Screw driver
Point-to-point forceps
Tap
Drill guide
Trocars are typically used for penetrating into a space for arthroscopy, thoracoscopy, or laparoscopy. Once the trocar has been inserted, it is replaced by a cannula, which allows for insertion of an instrument or scoping device into the desired space, su
Which substance should never be used for prepping the digits for a declaw if a laser is going to be used?
Chlorhexidine
Alcohol
Povidone iodine
0.9% sodium chloride
Alcohol is flammable and laser may ignite the area.
When placing a bandage on the limb, what is the main purpose for leaving the tips of the toes exposed?
Prevent swelling
Allow for toe nail trims
Prevent odor
Monitor for swelling
Prevent soiling
Leaving the toes exposed does not prevent soiling of the bandage, odor, or swelling. It is to monitor the toes for swelling in case the bandage is too tight. The two middle toes should be together. If swelling occurs, the toes will begin to spread apart.
The veterinarian you work for is referring a Cocker Spaniel for an ear canal ablation procedure. What will this procedure entail?
Ligation of the 8th cranial nerve
Surgical excision and closure of the external ear canal
Opening of the tympanic membrane an
- Ear canal ablation is often performed in dogs with chronic stenotic, painful, and infected ears in which ancillary therapies have failed. It entails surgical removal and closure of the external ear canals.
A subtotal colectomy in which a small amount of colonic contents spills into the abdomen in a cat is an example of which of the following?
Contaminated surgery
Clean-contaminated surgery
Infected (dirty) surgery
Clean surgery
In order from cleanest to most at risk from infection, surgery can be categorized by the following system: Clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, and infected surgery. These can also be referred to as category I, II, III, or IV surgeries respectively.
A
Esmarch bandages and tourniquets are occasionally used in equine surgery. What is the maximum time that a tourniquet may be left in place?
2 hours
1 hour
30 minutes
4 hours
The maximum recommended time is 2 hours. The purpose of the Esmarch bandage is to help push blood out of a limb by wrapping the bandage from distal to proximal and then applying a tourniquet. In this way, the surgeon can minimize the amount of bleeding at
Which of the following is an important safety feature that one must follow when using biomedical lasers for surgery?
The patient must be maintained on oxygen only
Special safety glasses must be worn
The operator must hold his breath while the laser is bei
- Special safety glasses that are specific to the laser wavelength should be worn by anyone present in the room during biomedical laser use. There are no specific requirements regarding the gas the patient is breathing, but one must keep in mind that oxyg
Which of the following suture size is the largest?
6-0
2
2-0
1-0
2
As the number to the left of the "-0" increases, the diameter of the suture decreases. If there is no "-0" following the number, then as the number increases the diameter of the suture increases. In this question, 6-0 is the smallest diameter suture lis
At your small animal clinic, the anesthesia cost is included for elective surgeries. An example of this type of surgery is which of the following?
Splenectomy
Cystotomy
Neuter
Aural hematoma repair
- Spays, neuters, and routine dentals are examples of elective surgeries. They are surgeries that are scheduled in advance and are not a medical emergency. The other procedures listed are medically necessary and not considered elective.
In which situation would perioperative antibiotics be strongly indicated?
Arthroscopy
Ovariohysterectomy
Orchidectomy
3.5 cm lipoma excision
Procedures that are considered uncomplicated and clean typically do not require perioperative antibiotic therapy unless there is a break in sterility. Performing arthroscopy carries a very low likelihood of infection; however, because an infection of the
Which of the following correctly describes a "surgeon's knot" which may be used to close tissues where tension makes it difficult to apply a regular square knot?
It involves passing one strand through the loop twice on the first throw
It is a continuous p
- A surgeon's knot is produced by passing one strand through the loop twice on the first throw of a square knot. It is for closure of tissues where tension on the tissues makes it difficult to apply a regular square knot. A surgeons knot can be used with
What instrument is used to perform a castration in horses?
Rongeurs
Kelly carmalt
Emasculator
Freedom forceps
The correct answer is an emasculator. This device crushes the spermatic cord as well as cuts it. The crushed end stays with the patient to prevent hemorrhage. Care must be taken when applying the device to ensure that the crushed end stays with the patien
It is estimated that blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels become elevated when what percentage of kidney function is lost?
90%
50%
75%
25%
BUN and creatinine are not considered very sensitive tests of renal function because they often do not become elevated until at least 75% of kidney function is lost. Urine becomes isosthenuric when approximately 66% of kidney function is lost.
A bulldog presents for its fourth foreign body surgery. It eats dirt, toys, and other non-food substances on a regular basis. This condition of eating non-food items is known as:
Aerophagia
Pica
Coprophagy
Dysphagia
- Pica is a word used to describe the eating of foreign materials.
Coprophagy is eating of feces.
Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing.
Aerophagia is swallowing of air.
What is the recommended treatment option for a closed pyometra?
Antibiotic therapy
Estrogen therapy
PGF 2-alpha
Ovariohysterectomy
- Pyometra occurs secondary to excessive or prolonged progesterone production which causes endometrial hyperplasia. This then sets up an environment conducive to bacterial colonization. The most common culprit is E. coli; however, other organisms have bee
Which is true regarding umbilical hernias?
The best treatment for all umbilical hernias is benign neglect
They usually consist of a small piece of fat protruding through the body wall and are not life-threatening
They usually progress until a loop of bowe
MOST umbilical hernias are stable and consist of a small piece of fat protruding through a body wall defect. Many small dogs with stable hernias do not require repair since they are not life-threatening.
Larger dogs with hernias require repair more often
One of the most common incisional complications encountered in veterinary surgery is the formation of a seroma. Which of the following is a poor treatment choice for an incision diagnosed with a seroma?
Warm compress
Exercise restriction
Antibiotics
Place
Seromas are not infections and do not need to be treated with antibiotics. They consist of serous fluid, which is usually secondary to excessive dissection or "dead-space" that was created during surgery. Excessive activity and motion at the surgical site
The sacculus rotundus is part of the intestinal anatomy of which species?
Psittacine bird
Camel
Rabbit
Horse
Just proximal to the cecum is a gastrointestinal structure containing a large
amount of lymphoid tissue called the sacculus rotundus which has some immune function. It is present only in lagomorphs.
A dog sustains a humeral fracture. Which nerve would most likely be damaged?
Ulnar nerve
Sciatic nerve
Radial nerve
Suprascapular nerve
The radial nerve innervates the extensor and supinator muscles located in the forelimb and provides distal sensation. This is the most commonly injured nerve in a forelimb fracture. The sciatic nerve runs along the hind limbs and can be immediately ruled
Typically, when should a dog or cat be offered food following gastrointestinal surgery?
12-24 hours after surgery
3-5 days after surgery
48-72 hours after surgery
6-12 hours after surgery
Most animals undergoing intestinal surgery should be offered food and water within 12-24 hours after surgery. Further delaying the delivery of nutrition may result in slower healing. Trying to feed a patient within 6-12 hours after major surgery is usuall
A 12 kg Springer Spaniel has been presented to your hospital for pyometra surgery. The veterinarian would like you to give 20 mls of Unasyn over 20 minutes on a syringe pump before the procedure. How many milliliters per hour will you set the pump to run
20 mls multiplied by 60 (minutes in 1 hour)= 1200 divided by 20 minutes= 60 mls/hr.
Which of the following species is unable to vomit?
Dogs
Cats
Horses
Birds
Cows
The correct answer is horses. Horses are unable to regurgitate or vomit; they are less likely to develop aspiration pneumonia secondary to vomiting or regurgitation while under anesthesia. Regardless, horses are kept off food for approximately 12 hours pr
An elastrator band is used for which purpose?
To hold pressure on the abdomen in cases of hemoabdomen
To aid in ambulation for pets that have had back or orthopedic surgery
Castration
To reduce stomach size in obese pets
Valve replacement in the heart
An elastrator band is used to castrate young calves. It is placed on the scrotum. In 2-3 weeks after placement, the scrotum and testes are sloughed.
A client's dog has been diagnosed with a splenic mass that requires surgical removal. The dog has also been previously diagnosed with liver disease. The owner has pet insurance and is submitting a claim for the laparotomy. She is afraid the insurance comp
Explaining to the owner that you can not change the medical record by law is the appropriate response.
Smooth muscle is found in what regions?
Within the muscles of the eye
Hollow organs
Extremities
Within the muscles of mastication
Smooth muscle is under involuntary control and is found lining the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. The extremities are surrounded by skeletal muscle which is voluntarily controlled. Muscles of the eye and mastica
The placenta supplies the fetus with oxygen via which structure?
Ductus venosus
Umbilical vein
Umbilical arteries
Foramen ovale
Left portal vein
The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
The foramen ovale is an opening in the septum between the atria in the heart of the fetus w
What is it called when a limb is moved outward or away from the median plane of the body?
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
- Abduction involves movement away from the midline.
Adduction is movement toward midline
A Great Dane is presented for her ovariohysterectomy. The owner would also like to have a procedure done at the same time to secure her stomach to the body wall to prevent her from a gastric dilatation volvulus in the future. What is this procedure called
Explanation - "Pexy" is the term for surgical fixation. A gastropexy is attachment of the stomach to the abdominal wall to prevent the stomach from torsion or malposition.
Gastrotomy is an incision into the stomach.
Gastrectomy is the removal of the stoma
In which situation would a post-operative sponge count be necessary following an abdominal exploratory?
Sponge counts only need to be performed for mass removals
Sponge counts are not necessary since they are radiopaque
A sponge count should always be per
Inadvertently leaving a sponge in the abdomen is a completely avoidable complication which unfortunately still occurs. Sponge counts should always be performed at the beginning of surgery and then again at the end of surgery to ensure that no sponge was l
A tibial fracture needs to be repaired. The surgeon is intending to place a bone plate on the medial aspect of the tibia. How should the patient be positioned and prepped?
Dorsal recumbency with affected leg temporarily hung until the patient is draped
La
The best positioning is that which will allow the surgeon good access to the proposed surgical site while ideally keeping the patient comfortable. Any time surgery is being performed on the tibia, the leg should be hung while it is being prepped for surge
A dog is being referred to the neurologist for a cervical disk compression that is causing forelimb paresis. Where will the surgical incision likely be made?
The dorsal neck region
Inside the mouth
The ventral side of the neck
Between the shoulder blades
A cervical disk surgery typically requires an incision made on the underside of the neck. This surgery is referred to as a "ventral slot".
A toggle-pin fixation for a luxated hip is going to be performed this afternoon. How will the patient be ultimately positioned for surgery after it is has surgically prepped?
Hanging leg technique
Lateral recumbency
Ventral recumbency
Dorsal recumbency
A toggle-pin fixation is performed to reduce a luxated hip. This is the most common surgical procedure performed for repair of a luxated hip. The approach is made with a curvilinear incision over the lateral aspect of the coxofemoral joint; it is therefor
Which of the following instruments would be LEAST effective at cutting or removing bone from a patient?
Michel trephine
Periosteal elevator
Osteotome
Gigli wire
Curette
Periosteal elevators are good for elevating muscle attachments from bone or periosteum. They would not be effective at actually cutting or removing bone. Curettes are great for removing small amounts of bone such as when obtaining a bone graft. Gigli wire
A 10-year old male intact Rottweiler is currently undergoing surgery for removal of a prostatic mass. Which term best describes the procedure?
Prostatitis
Onychectomy
Prostatectomy
Cholecystectomy
Orchidectomy
There are a few basic rules that will allow you to comprehend a majority of the medical terms. Any term that ends with "-ectomy" infers to removal of that organ. Onychectomy is another word declawing or removal of the distal phalanx. Orchidectomy is the r
A dog has recently obtained a fresh superficial linear wound after lacerating its flank on a fence. Within what time period can this wound be optimally repaired by primary closure?
12-24 hours
3-5 days
2 hours
8 hours
After 8 hours pass, the wound tissue starts to become increasingly compromised, and risk of infection and necrosis increase.
Primary closure is used when a wound is classified as clean or clean-contaminated. Closure of these involves immediate lavaging, s
In small animals, what is the name of the blind-ended pouch that is part of the large intestine and connects the ileum with the colon?
Gall bladder
Guttural pouch
Cecum
Appendix
The cecum attaches the ileum to the colon to form the ileocecal-colic junction.
The appendix is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum in humans. Most small animals do not have an appendix.
The gall bladder is located in the liver.
The guttural pouch i
In order for oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries, the partial pressure of the oxygen in the alveoli in the lungs must be:
Higher in the capillaries than in the lungs
The same pressure between both the lungs and the capillaries
Oxygen c
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is ~100mmHg, and is ~45mmHg in the capillaries. Gas diffuses from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
72 hours have passed since performing and exploratory laparotomy. It is important to evaluate the incision on a daily basis to help detect any complications early. Which of the following would you not expect to find on a 3-day-old incision?
Moderate redne
An incision will demonstrate all the classic signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, and heat). Occasionally, there may be mild serosanguinous discharge from an incision, but this usually resolves in 24-48 hours. Persistence of discharge is worris
Which of the following blades is the most commonly used when incising the skin of an animal? No. 12 No. 20 No. 11 No. 10
No. 10