Fluorescence
Colored light emitted from a molecule when it absorbs light of a different color
Fluorescence Microcopy
The use of fluorescence to watch live cells and label cells to see the molecule and where they are found in a cell
Cell Theory
The theory that all living things are composed of one or more cells, and that cells are the smallest units of living organisms. Also that new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division
Surface; Volume
Cells need to be small because of the _____ to ____ ratio. Therefore, it sets a limit because the surface area has to exchange certain things, receive signals, keep everything in so the more contents the more SA you need so it sets a limit because it no l
Magnification
Ration between the size of an image produced by a microscope and its actual size
Resolution
The ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another, or how good it is at seeing the object under the microscope
Contrast
This can be enhanced using dyes to see the difference in cells. Animal cells mainly can't see this, but plant cells have some of this
Light Microscope
Uses light for illumination and glass spectrum to bend light. It has a resolution of .2 micrometers
Electron Microscope
Uses light and a beam of electrons as well as an electromagnet to bend the beam. The resolution is 2 nanometers, and it can only look at dead cells. There are two types: TEM and SEM
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Thin slices of samples are stained with heavy metals and reveal some electrons that are scattered through it while others pass through to form an image. This is a type of Electron Microscopy
Scanning Electron Microscopy
The sample is coated with heavy metals and the beam scans surfaces to make a 3D image. This is a type of Electron Microscopy
Prokaryotic
The cells have simple cell structure. They lack a membrane, and there are 2 categories of them: Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria
The most abundant type of prokaryotic cells. They contain a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, cell walls, glycocalyx, and apendages [ pilli (attachment), flagella (locomotion)]
Archaea
This type of prokaryotic cells are found in extreme environments
Nucleoid
A region inside of prokaryotic cells where the DNA is found along with other genetic information
Ribosomes
In a prokaryotic cell this part is involved in the protein synthesis
Cell Wall
In a prokaryotic cell this part supports and protects and is located outside the plasma membrane
Glycocalyx
In a prokaryotic cell this part traps water and protects, it is also located outside the plasma membrane
Plasma Membrane
In a prokaryotic cell this part acts as the barrier for the cell
Organelle
Subcellular structure or membrane-bounded compartment with its own unique structure and function
Eukaryotic Cells
A complex cell that exhibits compartmentalization as well as containing a true nucleus. Shape, size, and organization of cells vary considerably among different species and even among different cell types of the same species
Proteome
This determines the characteristics of an eukaryotic cell
Gene Expression
Different combination of the DNA may be used which is why they all don't do the same things, this is known as ______ ________
Protein
The ____ of a cell determines its structure and function
Gene Regulation
The amount of protein and amino acid in a sequence of particular protein and protein modification that can influence a cell's proteome
DNA
Cells need this because it is the brain of the cell. It contains all of the information from making that cell to determining what the cell can and cannot do
Cytosol
The region of the eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles, but inside the plasma membrane. It includes everything inside the plasma membrane meaning the endomembrane system and the semi autonomous organelles
1
Formation of a polymer from monomers is _________ and involves repeated ____________ reaction.
1) Anabolic, condensation
2) Anabolic, hydrolysis
3) Anabolic and catabolic, dehydration
4) Catabolic, condensation
5) Catabolic, hydrolysis
Cytoskeleton
Network of three type of protein filaments, are shaped framework, and help with the movement
Microtubles
This is apart of the cytoskeleton, and is 20 nm wide, tubulin
Intermediate Filaments
This is apart of the cytoskeleton, and is 10 nm wide, keratin and others
Actin Filaments
This is apart of the cytoskeleton, and is 7 n, wide, actine (aka microfilaments)
Motor Proteins
Proteins that are use ATP as a source of energy to promote movement. There are three domains called the head, hinge, and tail. They are very important because they carry important materials from one part of the cell to another
Cytoskeleton
Proteins walk on the _________ while carrying important stuff
Flagella
Long and found either singly or in pairs in the cell. It functions in helping the cell move (sperm is a prime example) Microtubules, dynein, and linking proteins (axoneme)
Cilia
Cover all of the surface and looks like a fuzz. It functions in helping the cell move. There are hundreds of these over cells. Microtubules, dynein, and linking proteins (axoneme)
Endomembrane System
Network of membranes enclosing the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. It also includes the plasma membrane. The system may be directly connected to each other or pass materials via vesicles
Nuclear Envelope
This is a double-membrane enclosing the nucleus. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. there also are nuclear pores providing passageways
Nucleus
This part of the cell contains 46 chromosomes (unless if sex cell then 43) which is composed of DNA and protein (chromatin). The primary function involves the protection, organization, and expression of genetic material.
Nucleus
Where does ribosome assembly occur?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
This is a network of membranes that form flattened, fluid filled tubules or citernae. It encloses a single compartment known as the lumen. There are two types of this kind of membranes: rough or smooth
Rough
This type of ER is studded with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis and sorting
Smooth
This type of ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in the detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis, and modification of lipids
Golgi Apparatus
This is also known as the ____ body, ____ complex, or just ______. It is a stack of flattened, membrane-bounded compartments, which are not continuous with the ER. There are 3 overlapping functions which is secretion, processing, and protein sorting
Vesicles
These transport materials between the stacks of membranes
Lysosomes
These contain acid hydrolases that preform hydrolysis of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids. Also important in autophagy
Hydrolosis
This method is used to do catabolism which is the break down of polymers to monomers
Autophagy
Recycling of worn-out organelles through endocytosis. It can be used in the case of cells taking in particles like food to digest
Vaculoes
Means empty space, this functions extremely varied and differ among cell types and even environmental conditions. The one in plants is used for storage and suppoty
Contractile
Vacuoles in protists for expelling excess water
Phagocytic
Vacuoles in protists in white blood cells for degradation
Plasma Membrane
This is the boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment. It transports in and out of the cell, used in cell signaling using receptors, and cell adhesion
Semiautonomous Organelles
Organelles that can grow and divide to reproduce, but are not competely autonomouds because it depends on the other parts of the cell for some internal components. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are main examples.
Endosymbiosis Theory
The theory that the organelles were once bacteria that were taken into bigger cells but were not digested or broken down, so they took residence inside cells and over a long time they became more complex (white blood cells). The bacteria gained a safe pla
Mitochondria
The outer and inner membrane which is inter membrane space and matrix space. The role is to make ATP
Chloroplast
Found in nearly all plants and algae. It helps in photosynthesis. There is an outer and inner membrane with an inter membrane space. The third membrane (thylakoid membrane), forms forms flattened tubules that stack to for a granum (plural, grana)
Pancake; Grana
1 thylakoid is like one ____ and one stack is called a _____
Peroxisomes
These are relatively small organelles found in eukaryotic cells. It originates from the endomembrane system . The general function is to catalyze certain chemical reactions, typically those that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen T