The endocrine system relies on___ that ____ all of the cells of the body
hormones... reach
A cell releases a cytokine which binds to, and acts on, a neighboring cell. This represents an example of____
Paracrine signaling
Which example below is a true statement about the differences between hormones and neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are secreted chemicals that diffuse a short distance, whereas hormones travel through the bloodstream to the target cell
Which is an accurate statement regarding the difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones
Steroid hormones are lipids; nonsteroid hormones are made from one or more amino acids.
Because most chemical signals are uable to pass through the plasma membrane, the cellular action the initiate results from
the activation of a signal transduction pathway
What is the role of a second mesenger in hormone action
it relays a hormone's message inside a target cell
What result would you expect following the binding of epinephrine to an a-type epinephrine receptor
Blood flow to the intestines decreases
Which of the following hormones is thought to act at the cellular level by inducing a change in gene expression?
estrogen
Which example below is a role of the local regulator nitric oxide (NO)
When oxygen levels fall, nitric oxide actrivates an enzyme that relaxes smooth muscle. This dilates blood vessels and improves blood flow
Ibuprofen is known for its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties because it INHIBITS the synthesis of
prostaglandins
Which of the following conditions in a silkworm moth would result in metamorphosis from pupa to adult
low concentration of juvenile hormone and high concentration of ecdysteroid
in insects, ecdysteroid is released
in response to prothoracicotropic hormone
which of the following hormones have ANTAGONISTIC effects
insulin and glucagon
The major tropic action of growth hormone is to signal the ___ to release ____
liver.... insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
How is the level of thyroxine in the blood regulated
High levels of t3 and t4 inhibit the secretion of TRH and TSH
Which disorder is correctly matched with its cause
pituitary dwarfism... hyposecretion of growth hormone
Hyperthyroidism, typically characterized by a high metabolic rate and high blood pressure, might be expected when
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is high
A goiter may form because
low blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the negative feedback loop, and an overload of TSH causes enlargement of the gland
Hyperthyroidism, typically characterized by a high metabolic rate and high blood pressure, might be expected when
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is high
Which of the following endocrine organs only stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus?
posterior pituitary
As a young girl, Maria suffered a head injury that damaged her pituitary. An injury to the pituitary is particularly serious because of all the functions controlled by this gland. As Maria got older, she and her doctors found that all of the following EXC
blood sugar level
A doctor might give an expectant mother
____ to stimulate uterine contractions and induce labor
oxytocin
The regulation of water volume in the blood involves which hormone?
ADH
How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary
The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary to secrete GH
Which of the following is a neurohormone secreted by the posterior pituitary
oxytocin
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are tropic hormones that are also known as
gonadotropins
Which of the following hormones specifically act(s) to trigger secretion of hormones by another endocrine gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which is a correct statement about prolactin
it controls fat metabolism and reproduction in birds
the mammary glands of a pregnant female will begin to produce milk in response to changes in the level of which of the following hormones
prolactin
Which is a correct statement about the thyroid gland
thyroid hormones trigger the change of an aquatic tadpole into a terrestrial bullfrog
How does parathyroid hormone affect levels of Ca2+ in the blood
When Ca2+ levels fall. PTH stimulates bone cells to decompose the matrix of bone and stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in the renal tubules.
Which statement below about the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla is correct?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are catecholamines.
Which of the following statements about the adrenal medulla is correct
the gland is stimulated by nerve signals carried from the brain
Which of the following endocrine glands releases steroid hormones
adrenal cortex
Which of the following is a problem with the long-term use of glucocorticoids, such as cortisone, to treat inflammation
suppression of the immune system
anabolic steroids, sometimes taken illegally by athletes and body builders, are chemically related to natural___produced in the____
androgens.. gonads
In the winter, the ___ of vertebrates is apt to produce____ than in summer months
Pineal gland ... more melatonin