____ ____ ____ is found in vertebrates but not in invertebrates.
dorsal nerve cord
Which is not a vertebrate adaption to life on land?
Lungs, internal fertilization, endoskeleton, brain
Brain
The acoelomate body type is exemplified by ______.
flatworms
Name two deuterostome phyla.
echinoderms and chordates
Compare the symmetry between Porifera and Cnidaria.
The phylum Porifera have asymmetry. The phylum Cnidaria have radial symmetry.
An animals's ability to move results from the interrelationship between ____ tissue and _____ tissue.
nervous; muscle
Do sponges have germ layers? cnidarians? vertebrates? chordates?
no, yes, yes, yes
How do body cavities aid in an animal's movement?
They provide a firm structure against which muscles can contract.
Name 3 structural features that are used to classify animals.
symmetry, germ layer number, and body cavity
The moist skin of an amphibian functions as a ______ ______.
respiratory organ
The eggs of different animal species vary greatly in size, depending on what?
how long the food supply in the yolk must last
What type of cleavage do protostomes have? deuterostomes?
spiral; radial
Protostomes undergo what kind of coelom formation? Deuterostomes?
schizocoely; enterocoely
division of a body into units
segmentation
What is cell specialization? Name 2 types of different cells and their function.
Cell specialization is the adaption of a cell for a particular function. White blood cells fight off infection and red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body.
the respiratory organ where gas exchange occurs
lung
the back side of an organism
posterior
in animals, a cavity between the mesoderm and the endoderm
pseudocoelom
process in which the animal is hatched with the same appearance as the adult.
direct development
the top of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
dorsal
a neural tube dorsal to the notochord
dorsal nerve cord
a large cavity in an embryo that will function like the gut
archenteron
in animals, a body plan in which the left and right sides mirror each other
bilateral symmetry
the central cavity of a blastula
blastocoel
the bottom of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
ventral
an animal with a backbone
vertebrae
an animal with no coelom, or body cavity
acoelomate
the front end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
anterior
name referring to the notochord in the dorsal part of the body
chordate
the system the distributes oxygen and nutrients to the cells in the body
circulatory system
the divisions of the zygote immediately following fertilization
cleavage
a system in which blood contained within vessels
closed circulatory system
The _____ is a fluid-filled cavity that develops within the mesoderm
coelom
the in-folded region of the blastula
blastopore
a hollow ball of cells that forms early in the reproductive cycle
blastula
connection between cells that holds them together as a unit
cell junctions
an organ specialized for the exchange of gases in water
gill
an internal skeleton
endoskeleton
hard external covering of some invertebrates to protect and support
exoskeleton
digestive tract
gut
an organism that produces both male and female gametes
hermaphrodite
animals with an intermediate larval stage
indirect development
the taking in of organic material
ingestion
What is an integument and give 3 examples.
An integument is an outer covering of an animal. Ex: skin, feathers, and fur.
an animal without a backbone
invertebrate
an excretory organ in which wastes are filtered from the blood
kidney
free-living, immature form of an organism
larva
a system in which the circulatory fluid is not contained entirely within vessels.
open circulatory system
in deuterostomes, the division of cells
radial cleavage
the method of coelom formation in protostomes
schizocoely
the cup-shaped embryo formed as the blastula folds inward
gastrula
a cell that transmits electrical signals
neuron
Concentration of sensory organs at the anterior end is called _______.
cephalization
What is cell differentiation?
Cell differentiation is when cells become different from each other to start specialization.
What is a notochord, and what replaces it in most vertebrate species?
A notochord is a firm, flexible rod of tissue along the dorsal part of the body. The notochord eventually develops into the backbone.
What does the dorsal nerve cord develop into in most vertebrate species?
brain and spinal cord
List the 3 germ layers and what each gives rise to in the developing organism.
Endoderm: lungs, gills, kidney, pancreas, liver
Mesoderm: muscular system, heart, bones, circulatory system, skeletal system
Ectoderm: skin, nails, hair, nervous system, brain, eyes
List 4 characteristics of animals
eukaryotic, diploid cells, movement, multicellular
What is a protostome and what is a deuterostome?
P: blastopore develops into a mouth first and then an anus; Ex: mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
D: blastopore develops into an anus first and then a mouth; Ex: chordates and echinoderms
T/F: Earthworms are bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized.
TRUE
T/F: The fluid-filled pseudocoelom of roundworms holds the body erect.
TRUE
T/F:The fluid in the body cavity of an animal acts to transport nutrient and wastes.
TRUE
T/F: All chordates retain their postanal tail in their adult life.
FALSE
T/F: Terrestrial animals have a protective covering that helps prevent excessive water loss.
TRUE
T/F: In a cnidarian, endoderm forms the outer tissue and nervous system.
FALSE
T/F: Germ layers are found in all animals.
FALSE
T/F: Without exception, all animals are heterotrophic.
TRUE
T/F: All chordates are classified as vertebrates.
FALSE
T/F: The development of an animals's body plan depends on environment, rather than genetic information.
FALSE
T/F: The vast majority of animals today are terrestrial.
FALSE
T/F: Segmentation occurs in the bodies of annelids and arthropods but it is not present in chordates.
FALSE
An advantage of a long digestive tract is that it provides a large area where nutrients are absorbed.
TRUE
Animals probably evolved from ______ _______.
heterotrophic protists
Modern organisms that are thought to resemble the earliest animals are ______ ______.
colonial protists
What type of symmetry do the following animals have?
sponges, jellyfish, butterflies, earthworms, humans, hydra
asymmetry, radial, bilateral, bilateral, bilateral, radial