Cell Surface Identity Proteins
Helps the body recognize foreign substances
Cell Adhesion Proteins
Cells use proteins to glue themselves to one another
Plasma Membrane
Separates the internal environment from the external enviornment
Transporters
Involved in passage of molecules through membranes ; found in the plasma membrane
Enzymatic Proteins
Carry out chemical reactions directly on the interior surface of the Plasma membrane
Receptor Proteins
Allow molecule binding, causing protein to change shape and bring out cellular change.
Attatchments to the cytoskeleton
Surface proteins that interact with other cells are often anchored to the cytoskeleton by linking proteins
Factors affecting diffusion rate
Steepness of concentration gradient, molecular size, temperature, and electrical or pressure gradients
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane due to concentration differences
Tonicity
The strength of a solution in relationships to osmosis; determines movement of water into or out of cells
Isotonic Solution
Solute and water concentrations both inside and outside the membrane are equal
Hypotonic Solution
Solution with lower concentration of solute than the solution of the other side of the membrane.
Hypertonic Solution
Solution with a higher concentration of solute than the solution on the other side of the membrane
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of cells and that cells only come from preexisting cells
Cells
Smallest unit of living matter and structural and functional units of living things
Plasma Membrane
Outermost membrane of cell, boundary between inside and outside of cell; primarily composed of phospholipids
Nucleus
location in cell of DNA
Cytoplasm
Everything from edge of nucleus to plasma membrane
Prokaryotic Cells
Lack a membrane-bounded nucleus; structurally simple, 1-10 um in diameter. Divided into 2 domains- Eubacteria and Archaea
Three shapes of Prokaryotic Cells
Bacillus, Coccus, and Spirilla
What are Prokaryotic cell walls made of
Peptidoglacin
Thylakoids
Flattened discs with light sensitive pigment molecules for photosynthesis
Pili
Projections that help in attachment; found in prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Member of domain Eukarya; Contain membrane bounded nucleus; contain specialized organelles; Plasma Membrane; threadlike structures called chromatin
Eukaryotic cells contain what kingdoms
Fungi, animilia, plantae, protista
Endosymbotic Hypothesis
Eukaryotic line arose when cells with various capabilities were incorporated as endsymbionts into other cells
Nuclearpores
allow materials to pass into and out of nucleus.
Ribosomes
Composed of large and small subunits that serve in protein synthesis; occur singly and in groups, and may become attached to ER
Endomembrane System
Organelles of endomembrane system communicate with one another
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A system of membrane channels continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope
Rough ER
Contains ribosomes, site of protein synthesis; proteins enter the ER for processing and modification
Smooth ER
Lacks ribosomes, site of various synthetic processes, detoxification and storage
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies proteins and lipids and packages them in vesicles; consists of flattened, curved saccules
Lysosomes
Membrane-bounded vesicles produced by the Golgi Apparatus, contain digestive enzymes
Vacuole
Large membranous sacs which are used for storage
Chloroplast
Use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates; green due to the green pigment Chlorophyll; only plants, algae, and certain bacteria are able to photosynthesize
How are chloroplast organized
Flattened sacks (Thylakoids_ piled into stacks called grana with a fluid-filled space around thlakoid called stroma
Centrioles
Short cylinders microtubuoles that may give rise to basal bodies of cilia and flagella; not found in plants or fungi
Pseudopods (false feet)
Lobes that project for locomotion and capture of food
Cilia and Flagella
Hairlike projections of microtubules that aid in cell movement; flagella longer, move in whip like fashion
Chitin
fungi cells walls are made of
Plant cell wall
surrounded by a porous cell wall that varies in thickness, depending on function of cell; cellulose
Plasmodemata
Narrow channels that pass through cell walls of neighboring cells and connect their cytoplasms, allowing direct exchange of molecules and ions between neighboring plant cells
Extracellular matrix of animal cells
Meshwork of insoluble proteins with carbohydrates chains that are produced and secreted by animal cells; fills spaces between animal cells
Matrix
influences the development, migration, shape and function of cells
Collagen
gives matrix strenth
Elastin
gives matrix resilence
What organelle oxidizes fatty acids, in this process hydrogen peroxide is produced
Peroxisome
What is the extracellular matrix made primarily of
Glycoproteins
Which of the following structures are only found in prokaryotic cells
Pili and Nucleoid
The invaginations of the mitochondria, which increase the surface area of the inner membrane
Cristae
intermembrane space
the space between the two membranes of a mitochondria
ribosomes
production of proteins
Central vacuole in plants
storage of pigment and water storage
Chromosomes
DNA is wound tightly around proteins and packaged into compact units
cytoskeleton
the eukarykotic cell structure involved in supporting the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles to fixed locations
centrosomes
microtubule organizing center that is involved in cell division in animals
Mitochondria
the production of the ATP is performed
All cells have these features in common
plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes
proteins
surface compound gives cells identity for the immune system
what type of cell is the largest vacuole found in
plant cells
what is the role of the nucleolus
produce ribosome subunits
largest organelle found in eukaryotic cells
nucleus
what time of RNA carries amino acids
transfers
Actin filaments
involved with cell shape, movement, contraction, and cell division
what is the nuclear envelope composed of
2 bilayers of phospholipids
ribosomes are responsible for what in the cell
protein syntheses
What happens to a cell when placed in a hypotonic solution?
water would enter the cell
Describe the arrangment of the phospholipids making up the bilayer of the plasma membrane.
Polar heads facing out, nonpolar tails facing each other.
What is the function of the nucleolus and where is it located?
Located in nucleus and produces ribosomes.
What does the ribosome do and where is it located?
Ribosome is site of protein synthesis and they are located in cytoplasm.
What are the primary differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane nucleus, eukaryotic have. Also prokaryotic cells lack many of the organelles that eukaryotic cells have.
Name an organelle that requires oxygen? Why?
Mitochondria, uses oxygen during cellular respiration.
Why is rough ER rough?
It has ribosomes attached.
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Where is the DNA in a bacteria located?
nucleiod
What is the term referring to the bursting of an animal cell?
Lysis
11. What is the name of the hypothesis for how scientists believe eukaryotic cells arose?
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
Name two types of transporting materials across the plasma membrane that does not require energy.
Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Transport
Name an organelle that is only found in plant cells.
Chloroplast
How do enzymes speed up a reaction?
They lower the energy of activation.