What kind of chemical bonds are found between paired bases in the DNA
double helix
a. ionic
b.franklin forces
c.hydrogen
d.covalent
e.chargaff bonds

c= Hydrogen bonds

The amino acid found at the C-terminus (carboxy terminus) of most
proteins is?
a. glutamic acid
b. gylcine
c. lysine
d. methionine
e. could be any amino acid

e. could be any amino acid

Crick and Brenner's reading frame experiment ('why did the red
bat...') established that _____.
a. bacteria and humans use almost the same genetic code
b. a change in reading frame is caused by nucleotide deletions
but not by insertions
c. a codon is equivalent to at least 3 amino acids
d. a codon is equivalent to exactly 3 nucleotides
e. none of the above

d. a codon is equivalent to exactly 3 nucleotides

Sea urchin DNA contains about 18% guanine; how much adenine should be present?
a. 16%
b. 18%
c. 32%
d. 36%
e. 64%

c. 32%

Which of the following elements is not found in DNA?
a. sulfur
b. carbon
c. nitrogen
d. phosphorous
e. oxygen

a. sulfur

The coding region of a messenger RNA contains 1263 bases. The protein
encoded by this mRNA would contain ____ amino acids.
a. 0
b. 420
c. 1263
c. 3789
e. none of the above

b. 420

where would one find an anticodon?
a. DNA
b. mRNA
c.ribosomes
d. RNA polymerase
e. tRNA

e. tRNA

if two tRNA molecules are associated with a ribosome, one attached to
a polypeptide and one attached to a single amino acid, where will the
tRNA with the polypeptide be found?
a. in the P site
b. in the A site
c. In the E site
d. attached to the spliceosome
e. covalently bound to rRNA in the small ribosomal subunit

a. in the P site

Beadle and tatum studied several mutants of Neurospora, a
bread mold. They determined that ____.
a. one chromosome contains just enough information to make one enzyme
b. a polypeptide is the result of the activity of one ribsome
c. a gene contains the information to make one carbohydrate
d. a tRNA catalyzes the production of one protein
e. the information contained in one gene is sufficient to make
one enzyme

e. the information contained in one gene is sufficient to make one enzyme

cancers related to smoking and diet account for about ___ of all
cancers in the United States.
a. 0.2%
b. 1%
c. 7%
d. 11%
e. 66%

e. 66%

in normal (non-cancerous) human cells, cell division is stimulated by?
a. proto-oncogenes
b. oncogenes
c. tumor suppressor genes
d. lac repressor protein
e. histones

a. proto-oncogenes

a nucleosome ____.
a. regulates which molecules enter and leave the nucleus
b. includes 8 molecules of positively charged histone proteins
c. contains the material that binds homologous chromosomes
during meiosis
d. is the site within the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized
e. is the DNA-containing region of a prokaryotic cell.

b. includes 8 molecules of positively charged histone proteins

an auxotroph is ___.
a. mutant that lacks ribosomes
b. a plant that cannot make auxin
c. a prokaryote that eats heavy metals
d. a mutant that cannot grow in the dark
e. a mutant that cannot make an essential nutrient

e. a mutant that cannot make an essential nutrient

the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is 5'GATATC. What is the
sequence of the other strand?
a. 3'GATATC
b. 3'GAUAUC
c. 5'GATATC
d. 5'CTATAG
e. none of the above

c. 5'GATATC

the lac operon in E.coli:
a. is turned on when the repressor binds to the operator
b. is turned on when the repressor binds to the promoter
c. is important for synthesizing amino acids
d. is stimulated by the presence of allolactose or lactose
e. is nearly identical to the lac operon found on human chromosomes.

d. is stimulated by the presence of allolactose or lactose

the elongation of the leading strand during DNA replication:
a. progress away from the replication fork
b. occurs in the 5'--3' direction
c. produces many okazaki fragments, which subsequently are
joined together
d. requires spliceosomes
e. all of the above

b. occurs in the 5'--3' direction

a group of cells that originates from a single human cell and grows
in an uncontrolled way is called?
a. a ganglion
b. a tumor
c. a somatic mutation
d. crown gall
e. a transposable element

b. a tumor

which of the following is added to a spliced mRNA molecule before it
leaves the nucleus?
a. a 5'cap
b. tRNAs
c.exons
d. termination codons
e. initiation codons

a. a 5'cap

which statement about the genetic code is false?
a. amino acids are encoded by 64 different codons
b. there are six codons for Leucine (Leu)
c. codons in the genetic code are essentially identical in all
living organisms
d. several amino acids are encoded by more than one codon
c. the start codon is usually AUG, the only codon for methionine

a. amino acids are encoded by 64 different codons

which molecule is found in RNA but not in DNA?
a. adenine
b. deoxyribose
c. guanine
d. thymine
e. ribose

e. ribose

enhancers:
a. are regions of eukaryotic gene promoters that bind to
transcription factors
b. increase the rate of DNA synthesis at eukaryotic replication forks
c. improve the fidelity of DNA polymerase
d. regulate which cells lose copies of certain genes during development
e. none of the above.

a. are regions of eukaryotic gene promoters that bind to
transcription factors

after one amino acid is attached by a peptide bond onto the growing
polypeptide chain, the ribosome?
a. moves three nucleotides forward along the mRNA
b. cuts the 3-nucleotide recognition sequence from the tRNA
c. moves to another mRNA and attached the same amino acid
d. initiates a new polypeptide chain
e. cuts the mRNA stand that has already been read.

a. moves three nucleotides forward along the mRNA

an enzyme that uses DNA as a template to synthesize a complementary
RNA strand is called?
a. ligase
b. glycosidase
c. topoisomerase
d. RNA polymerase
e. DNA polymerase

d. RNA polymerase

according to the operon model of gene regulation, the repressor
protein inhibits transcription by binding to the?
a. DNA polymerase
b. ribosome
c. operator
d. RNA polymerase
e. promoter

c. operator

oncogenes are:
a. always derived from viruses
b. the protein products of most mutated genes
c. related to cellular proto-oncogenes, which regulate normal
cell growth
d. mutated versions of tumor suppressor genes
e. highly expressed in non-dividing cells

c. related to cellular proto-oncogenes, which regulate normal cell growth

which of the following macromolecules is capable of storing genetic
information and catalyzing enxymatic reactions?
a. RNA
b. B-hemoglobin
c. tublin
d. alpha-synuclein
e. DNA

a. RNA

during processing of a primary RNA transcript, ___ are joined
together to form a mature mRNA molecule..
a. okazaki fragments
b. introns
c. amino acids
d. termination codons
e. exons.

e. exons.

an enzyme that joins a specific amino acid with a specific tRNA
molecule is?
a. DNA polymerase
b. ligase
c. aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
d. topoisomerase
e. aminoacyl tRNA reductase.

c. aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

transcription of structural genes in the trp operon:
a. occurs all the time
b. starts when lactose is present
c. starts when glucose is present
d. starts when the trp repressor binds to the trp operator
e. stops when tryptophan concentration is high

e. stops when tryptophan concentration is high

not long ago, it was believed that a count of the number of
protein-coding genes would provide a count of the number of proteins
produced in any given eukaryotic species. This is incorrect, largely
due to the discovery of widespread ____.
a. chromatin condensation
b. transcriptional control
c. alternative splicing
d. translational control

c. alternative splicing

in eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until ___.
a. two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter
b. several transcription factors have bound to the promoter
c. the 5' caps are removed from the mRNA
d. the DNA introns are removed from the template

b. several transcription factors have bound to the promoter

in a particular operon encodes enzymes for making an essential amino
acid and is regulated like the trp operon, then?
a. the amino acid inactivates the repressor
b. the repressor is active in the absence of the amino acid
c. the amino acid acts as a corepressor
d. the amino acid turns on transcription of the operon
e. none of the above.

c. the amino acid acts as a corepressor

which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional control
of gene expression?
a. the addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases of DNA
b. the binding of transcription factors to a promoter
c. the removal of introns and alternative splicing of exons
d. gene amplification contributing to cancer.

c. the removal of introns and alternative splicing of exons

which of the following, when taken up by a cell, binds to a repressor
so that the repressor no longer binds to the operator?
a. inducer
b. promoter
c. repressor
d. corepressor

a. inducer

bacterial cell division is called?
a. syngamy
b. mitosis
c. schizogensis
d. duplication
e. binary fission

e. binary fission

_____ is a chromosomal alteration in which non-homologous chromosomes
exchange pieces.
a. crossing over
b. duplication
c. reciprocal translocation
d. inversion
e. aneuploidy

c. reciprocal translocation

barr body is normally found in the nucleus of which type of human cell?

somatic cells of a female

Mendel's law of segregation relates to?
a. inheritance of 2 alleles of a gene
b. the inheritance of 2 genes on the same chromosome
c. the frequency of disease genes in a population
d. the inheritance of seed color
e. the inheritance of unlinked genes

a. inheritance of 2 alleles of a gene

if an animal cell contained 12 chromosomes during G1 phase of the
cell cycle, what would be the diploid number of chomosomes for this organism?
a. 6
b. 12
c. 24
d. 48
e. none

b. 12

the S phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the?
a. synapsis of homologous chromosomes
b. replication of DNA
c. synthesis of new nuclei
d. reformation of the nuclear envelope
e. duplication of organelles.

b. replication of DNA

Mendel's law of independent assortment relates to?
a. inheritance of 2 linked genes on the same chromosome
b. frequency of disease genes in a population
c. the inheritance of 2 or more unlinked genes
d. inheritance of seed color
e. inheritance of 2 alleles of a gene

e. inheritance of 2 alleles of a gene

a protein disk that attached a chromosome to spindle microtubules is called?
a. plaque
b. kinetochore
c. centriole
d. chromatid
e. chondrtie

b. kinetochore

during what phase of mitosis do chromosomes move toward opposite poles?

anaphase

the frequency of crossing over between two linked genes__

is related to the distance between them

sister chromatids are separated from each other during?

mitosis and meiosis 1

during which phase of mitosis do the chormatids become chromosomes?

anaphase

metaphase is characterized by___

aligining of chromsomes on the equator

what is the final result of mitosis in a human?

genetically identical 2n somatic cells

homologous chromosomes

carry info for the same traits

what is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis 1 in diploid organsim

sister chromatids separate in mitosis while homologous pairs of
chromosomes separate in meiosis I

___ refers to the diffusion of water through a membrane.

osmosis

which of the following are found in or on the plasma membrane?
a. cholesterol
b. phospholipids
c. integral proteins
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

first law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed

in an animal cell is placed in hyptononic solution

it will burst and swell

presence of oxygen

ethanol is a waste product

absence of oxygen?

NADH molecules pass their high energy electrons to an electron
transport chain

How many molecules of ATP can be made from each molecule of NADH

3

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one
of low concentration

diffusion

total number of ATP

38

when chloroplasts are illuminated with white light, chlorophyll
primarily absorbs

red and blue light

basic function of enzymes is

to lower activation energy of the reaction

structures in the epidermis of leaves that permit gases to enter and exit

stomata

which of the following is not a function of plasma membrane proteins?

ATP synthesis

oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis. where does oxygen come from?

H20

which of the following occurs in all organisms?

glycolysis

one useful function of cholesterol in plasma membranes?

stabilize or buffer membrane fluidity

which of the following types of bonds, all of which are found in
glucose, is considered to be a high energy bond, it will yield energy
during cellular oxidation?

C-C

molecules are selectively taken into a cell?

receptor mediated endocytosis

substrate in calvin cycle

all of the above

ATP made during glycolysis results from what?

substrate-level phosphorylation

process occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts?

calvin cycle

proton pump stations

3

ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation

11%

acetyl portion of acetyl-coA, how many carbons?

2

PFK is inhibited by?

ATP

light reaction occurs in/

thylakoid membranes

which statement about acetyl-CoA and pyruvate is true?

pyruvate is more reduced than acetyl-coA

immediate result of electron transport/

generating and H+ gradient

true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?

metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism

membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when its cold by?

increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids

sodium potassium pump

move 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in while consuming atp

substrate-level phosphorylation occurs?

in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

which of the following occurs in the cytosol?

glycolysis and fermentation

what event accompanies energy absorption by chlorophyll?

an electron is excited

what is responsible for the adhestion of water molecules to other
polar molecules

hydrogen bonds

what bonds involve dehydration?

peptide bonds

true for starch and cellulose?

both are polymers of glucose

not found in prokarytotic cells?

Golgi apparatus

not perfomed by a protein

providing permeability barriers around organelles

upper limit to cell size is determined by?

surface to volume ratio

Golgi apparatus

sorting of proteins to their proper destinations in the cell

secondary structure

alpha-helices

found in both animal and plant cells?

mitochondria

protein acceptor

base

maintains turgor pressure

extracellular matrix

lipids containing only saturated fatty acids

have not carbon-carbon double bonds

not true. both cholorplasts and mitochrondira

are part of the endomembrane system

ions travel from cell to cell through

gap junctions