Which of these can lead to activation of the brain�s
reward system?

Deceased inhibition of the ventral tegmental area
(VTA) neurons
Increased dopamine secretion by VTA
neurons
Blocked dopamine reuptake from synaptic clefts of the
reward pathway
Decreased dopamine secretion by VTA
neurons
Increased dopamine reuptake from synaptic clefts of
reward pathway

1, 2, or 3

Inebriated people have difficulty touching their noses
with their eyes closed. Which part of the brain has been most
impaired to bring about this difficulty?

Cerebellum

Arousal and sleep are controlled by the part of the brain called the

reticular formation

The formation of the fertilization membrane and the
slow block to polyspermy are dependent on

the entrance of calcium ions into the egg

In the developing frog embryo, most of the yolk is ____.

Located near the vegetal pole

Assume that a single IPSP has a negative magnitude of
-0.5 mV at the axon hillock, and that a single EPSP has a positive
magnitude of +0.5 mV. For a neuron with an initial membrane
potential of -70 mV, the net effect of the simultaneous arrival of
six IPSPs and two EPSPs would be to move the membrane potential to

-72 mV

The embryonic structure which give rise to the human
spinal cord is the

Neural tube

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain?

Glutamate

This disorder of the nervous system is characterized
by psychotic episodes in which patients have a distorted
perception of reality

Schizophrenia

The point of connection between two communicating
neurons is called

The synapse

Bottlenose dolphins can swim while sleeping, rising
to the surface to breathe air on a regular basis. They can do this because

They alternate which half of their brains is asleep and which half is awake

Neurotransmitters that are classified as inhibitory,
are expected to

Cause hyperpolarization of the membrane

The division of the nervous system that have
antagonistic or opposing actions are

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Two primary factors in shaping the polarity of the
body axes in chick embryos are

Gravity and pH

The sodium-potassium pump of neurons trasports

3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell

If a baseball player gets hit on the back of the
head, which part of his brain is likely to be injured?

the primary visual cortex

The archenteron of the developing sea urchin
eventually develops into the

Digestive tract

In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the
axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination
results. How does this disease manifest at the level of action potential?
I) Action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon
II) Action Potentials move more slowly along the axon

III) No action potentials are transmitted.

Only II

If a patient has an injury in the brain stem, which
of the following would be observed?

An inability to regulate respiration rate (i.e. the respiratory cycle)

Thalidomide, now banned for use as a sedative in
pregnancy, was used in the early 1960s by many women in their
first trimester of pregnancy. Some of these women gave birth to
children with arm and leg deformities, suggesting that the drug
most likely influenced ____.

Morphogenesis

For the following questions (21 & 22), refer to the graph of
an action potential in Figure 1 and use the letters to indicate
your answer.
The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the
voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the letter

A

For the following questions (21 & 22), refer to the graph of
an action potential in Figure 1 and use the letters to indicate
your answer.
The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for
potassium at the letter

D

Which of the following activities would be associated with the
parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

rest and Digestion

In some rare salamander species, all individuals are females.
Reproduction relies on those females having access to sperm from males
of other species. However, the resulting embryos receive no genetic
contribution from the males. In this case, the sperm appear to be used
only for ___.

Egg activation

The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact

spinal cord

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes
activation of the ___ nervous system

Sympathetic

Refer to the diagram below to answer the following
question. If an amphibian zygote is manipulated so that the first
cleavage plane fails to divide the grey crescent, then

Only the daughter cell with the grey crescent will develop normally

In an egg cell treated with EDTA, a chemical that
binds calcium and magnesium ions, the

Fertilization envelope would not be formed

Assume that excessive consumption of ethanol
increases the influx of negative chloride ions into �common sense�
neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act
appropriately and not harm yourself or others. Thus, any resulting
poor decisions associated with ethanol ingestion are likely due to

Decrease membrance depolarization of "common sense" neurons

What structural adaptations in chickens allows them
to lay their eggs in arid environments rather than in water?

Amnion

Forming new memories is strikingly disrupted after
damage of which of the following

Hippocampus

Which of the following shows a brain structure
CORRECTLY paired with one of its primary functions?

frontal lobe -> decision making

An amino acid neurotransmitter that operates at
inhibitory synapses in the brain is

GABA

Patients with damage to Wernicke�s area have
difficulty ___.

Understanding language

A Toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium
channels in axons would be expected to

Prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential

The �threshold� potential of a membrane

Is the minimum depolarization needed to operate the
voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

Contact of a sperm with signal molecules in the coat
of an egg causes the sperm to undergo

The acrosomal reaction

Use the following information to answer questions 40 & 41.
Long term potentiation refers to a lasting increase in the
strength of synaptic transmission, and it has been proposed to be
one of the underlying physiological mechanisms of memory

Which of the following receptors is directly involved
in such strengthening of synapses?

NMDA receptors

Use the following information to answer questions 40 & 41.
Long term potentiation refers to a lasting increase in the
strength of synaptic transmission, and it has been proposed to be
one of the underlying physiological mechanisms of memory

Which of the following is NOT required to activate
such receptor involved in LTP ( answer from #40)

Calcium must be present

Given the steps shown below, which of the following is
the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse?

1.neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with
the postsynaptic membrane

2.Ca2+ ions rush into neuron�s cytoplasm

3.A postsynaptic potential is created in the
postsynaptic membrane

4.Ligand-gated ion channels open

5. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter
into the synaptic cleft

2,5,1,4,3

Action potentials are normally carried in only one
direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you
experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold,
using an electronic probe, then which would occur

two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the
axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock

The equilibrium potential for potassium (K+) is
approximately -90 mV. If only K+ channels were present in the
membrane of a neuron, and they were allowed to open, what would happen?

K+ ions would diffuse to the outside until the membrane
hyperpolarized to -90 mV at which point K+ would continue to diffuse
equally in and out of the cell.

Embryonic induction, the influence of one group of
cells on another group of cells, plays a critical role in
embryonic development. In 1924, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold
transplanted a piece of tissue that influences the formation of
the notochord and neural tube, from the dorsal lip of an amphibian
embryo to the ventral side of another amphibian embryo. If
embryonic induction occurred, which of the following observations
justifies the claim of embryonic induction?

The transplanted tissue induced the formation of a second
notochord and neural tube on the ventral side of the developing embryo

In a typical motor neuron, what is the correct
sequence in which these structures usually become involved in
transmitting an electrical current

Cell body
Axon
Axon hillock
Dendrites
Synaptic terminals

4,1,3,2,5

Resting potential is mostly due to ion movement
through which two of the following?

Na+/K+ pumps
Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels
Ligand-gated Na+ and K+ channels
Voltage-gated Ca^(2+) channels
Na+ and K+ leak channels

1 and 5

A team of researchers were looking for opiate
receptors in the mammalian brain. Knowing that the drug naloxone
blocks the analgesic effect of opiates, they hypothesized that
naloxone acts by binding tightly brain opiate receptors without
activating them. The researchers added radioactive naloxone to a
protein mixture prepared from rodent brains. If the mixture
contained opiate receptors or other proteins that could bind
naloxone, the radioactivity would stably associate with the
mixture. To determine whether the binding was due to specific
opiate receptors they tested other drugs, opiate and non-opiate,
for their ability to block naloxone binding.

The data from this experiment are expressed using
scientific notation: a numerical factor times a power of 10.
Remember that a negative power of 10 means a number less than 1.
For example, the concentration 10-1M (molar) can also be written
as 0.1 M.

Which drugs clocked naloxone binding in this experiment?

morphine, methadone, and levorphanol only

A team of researchers were looking for opiate
receptors in the mammalian brain. Knowing that the drug naloxone
blocks the analgesic effect of opiates, they hypothesized that
naloxone acts by binding tightly brain opiate receptors without
activating them. The researchers added radioactive naloxone to a
protein mixture prepared from rodent brains. If the mixture
contained opiate receptors or other proteins that could bind
naloxone, the radioactivity would stably associate with the
mixture. To determine whether the binding was due to specific
opiate receptors they tested other drugs, opiate and non-opiate,
for their ability to block naloxone binding.

The data from this experiment are expressed using
scientific notation: a numerical factor times a power of 10.
Remember that a negative power of 10 means a number less than 1.
For example, the concentration 10-1M (molar) can also be written
as 0.1 M.

What result did the researchers obtain for atropine,
in standard notation?

No effect at 0.0001 M

A team of researchers were looking for opiate
receptors in the mammalian brain. Knowing that the drug naloxone
blocks the analgesic effect of opiates, they hypothesized that
naloxone acts by binding tightly brain opiate receptors without
activating them. The researchers added radioactive naloxone to a
protein mixture prepared from rodent brains. If the mixture
contained opiate receptors or other proteins that could bind
naloxone, the radioactivity would stably associate with the
mixture. To determine whether the binding was due to specific
opiate receptors they tested other drugs, opiate and non-opiate,
for their ability to block naloxone binding.

The data from this experiment are expressed using
scientific notation: a numerical factor times a power of 10.
Remember that a negative power of 10 means a number less than 1.
For example, the concentration
1
0
-1
M (molar) can also be written as 0.1

M
.

When researchers repeated the experiment using tissue
from mammalian intestinal muscles rather than brains, they found
no naloxone binding. What does this result suggest about opiate
receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue?

There are no opiate receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue