small molecule of lipids
triglyceral+fatty acid chains
Small molecule of a carbohydrate
simple sugars such as glucose
small molecule for nucleic acids
nucleotides
Small molecule for proteins
amino acids
Four Major Organic Compounds and the small molecules they are made off
Carbohydrate
-small molecule made of: simple sugars such as glucose
Lipids
-small molecule: tri-glycerol+fatty acid chains
Proteins
-small molecule: amino acids
Nucleic acids
-small molecule: nucleotides
DNA (A, T, G, C)
RNA (A, U, G, C)
Four phases of mitoses
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase
Prophase is
chromatin condenses, spindle forms, nuclear membrane disappears
Metaphase
sister chromatids line up on the equator of the cell
Anaphase
sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere and chromosomes
are pulled to the opposite poles of the cell
Telophase
Cytokinesis (cell divides into new daughter cells) chromosomes
decondense, spindle disappears, nuclear membrane reforms
Stages of interphase
G1
Synthesis (S)
G2
G1
cell grows in size by making more organelles
Snythesis(S)
DNA Is dupicated
G2
Cell prepares for mitosis
Atom nucleus=
protons & neutrons
Electrons (e-) are in
orbitals around the nucleous
1st orbital (K shell)
2 e- max
2nd orbital (L shell)
8 e- max
3rd orbital (M shell)
8 e- max
Atomic number of an element tells you___
how many protons are in the nucleus
Ion
atom that has a charge
Cation
positive charge NA+, CA++
Anion
negative charge C1-
95% of the atomic structure of all living things is what four atoms
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Our most common molecule is..
Water
Catobolism
breaking down large molecules into small molecules
ex. Carbohydrates>simple sugars, energy is released
Anabolism
building large molecules from small molecules
ex. amino acids>proteins, energy input is required
Osmosis
natural unassisted movement of water from an area of high water
concentrations to an area of low water concentration
Isotonic
solute concentrations are EQUAL on both sides of the cell membrane
Hypotonic
LOW solute concentration (therefore HIGH water concentration outside
the cell
Hypertonic
High solute concentration (therefore low water concentration) outside
the cell