Tissues make up ___, which together make up ___ ___.

organs
organ system

Hierarchy
Most animals are composed of specialized ___ organized into ___
that have different functions.

cells
tissues

A single-celled protist living in water has a sufficient ___ ___ of
plasma membrane to service its entire ___ of cytoplasm.

surface area
volume

The ability to perform certain actions depends on an animal's ___,
___, and ___.
___ laws impose constraints on animal size and shape.

shape, size, and environment
physical

___ is a "steady
state" or internal balance regardless of external
environment.
In humans, body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration, et cetera
are each maintained at a relatively constant level.

Homeostasis

Regulating and Conforming
A ___ uses mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face
of environmental fluctuations. A ___ generally allows
internal conditions to vary with external changes.

regulator
conformer

Impulses from the nervous system can be received by ___, ___ cells,
and ___ cells.
Nerve signal transmission is very ___.

neurons
muscle
endocrine
fast

The ___ system transmits information between specific
locations.
-Information depends on a signal's pathway, not the type of signal
(i.e., a particular neuron either fires or it does not).

nervous

Muscle Tissue
Consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract
in response to nerve signals.
____ muscle, or striated muscle, is responsible for voluntary
movement. ____ muscle is responsible for involuntary body
activities (e.g. digestion). ____ muscle is responsible for
contraction of the heart.

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

Connective Tissue
In vertebrates, fibers and foundation combine to form ___ major
types of connective tissue.

six

_____ Tissue
Binds and supports other tissues. Contains sparsely
packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix.
The matrix consists of fibers in either liquid, jellylike, or
solid foundation.

Connective

_____ Tissue
The arrangement may be ___ (single cell layer), ___ (multiple tiers
of cells), or ____ (single layer of varying length).

Epithelial
simple
stratified
pseudostratified

____ Tissue
Closely joined cells that cover body, surfaces, body cavities,
and internal organs. The shape may be ___ (like dice), ___
(like brick ends), or ___ (like floor tiles).

epithelial
cuboidal
columnar
squamous

Animal Form and Function
Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its
environment. ____ is the study of the biological form of an
organism. ____ is the study of the biological functions an
organism performs.

anatomy
physiology

Daily ___ is exhibited by many small mammals and birds, and seems to
be adapted to ___ patterns.

torpor
feeding

____, or summer torpor, enables animals to survive long periods of
high temperatures and scarce water supplies.
-Occurs most often in amphibians, but also in reptiles and invertebrates.

estivation

____ is long-term ____ that constitutes an adaptation to winter cold
and food scarcity.

hibernation
torpor

____ is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases.
-enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and
dangerous conditions.

torpor

Adjusting ____ ____ Production
Many animals (mainly endotherms) can regulate body temperature
by adjusting their rate of ___ ___ production. Heat
production is increased by muscle activity such as moving or
___.

metabolic heat
metabolic heat
shivering

Cooling by ___ ___ Loss
Many types of animals lose heat through evaporation of water
called ___. ___ increases the cooling effect in birds and
many mammals.

evaporative heat
sweat
panting

In ___, blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating the loss
of heat. In ___, blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering
the amount of heat lost.

vasodilation
vasoconstriction

____ Adaptations
Regulation of blood flow near the body surface significantly
affects heat exchange. Many animals can alter the amount of
blood flowing between the body core and the skin.

circulatory

____ is a major thermoregulatory adaptation in ____ and
____. Skin, feathers, fur, and blubber reduce heat flow
between an animal and its environment.

insulation
mammals
birds

Adaptations that help animals thermoregulate fall into five categories:
___ ___ adaptations ___ by ___ ___ loss
___ responses Adjusting ___ ___ production

insulation
circulatory
cooling
evaporative heat
behavioral
metabolic heat

In general, ___ tolerate ___ variation in internal
temperature. However, ___ continue to be active at a ___
range of external temperatures. Endothermy is also more
energetically expensive than ectothermy.

endotherms
greater
endotherms
greater

____ animals gain heat from external sources; most invertebrates and
vertebrates are ectotherms.

ectothermic

____ animals generate heat through metabolic processes; all birds and
mammals are endotherms.

endothermic

____ is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature
within a tolerable range.

thermoregulation

Feedback Loops in Homeostasis
Most homeostatic controls function by negative feedback, where
buildup of the end product shuts the system off.
____ feedback loops occur in organisms, but do not usually
contribute to homeostasis.

positive

Feedback Loops in Homeostasis
A dynamic equilibrium is maintained by ____ feedback, which helps to
return a ____ to either a normal range or a set point.

negative
variable

Tissues are classifed into four main categories:
____ tissue ____ tissue ____ tissue
____ tissue ____ tissue

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Coordination and control in the body depend on ___ and ___
systems. The ___ ___ transmits chemical signals called ____
to receptive cells throughout the body via blood.

endocrine and nervous
endocrine system
hormones

____ Tissue
Senses stimuli and transmits signal throughout the body.
Nervous tissue contains
-___, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses.
-___ ___, or glia, that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons.

nervous
neurons
glial cells

An animals size and shape directly affect how it exchanges ___ and
materials with its ___.
Exchange occurs as substances dissolved in the aqueous medium
diffuse and are transported across cell membranes.

energy
surroundings