Tissues Flashcards | Biology

Four Types of Body Tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Most abundant tissue in the body

connective

cells are closely packed together

Characteristics of epithelial cells

arranged in either single or multiple layer sheets

Characteristics of epithelial cells

have an apical(free) surface and a basal surface that is attached to
a basement membrane

Characteristics of epithelial cells

avascular

no blood vessels

exchange of nutrients and wastes between epithelium and adjacent
connective tissue is by diffusion

Characteristics of epithelial cells

has a high mitosis rate, therefore a high capacity for renewal

Characteristics of epithelial cells

epithelia are derived from all 3 primary germ layers

Characteristics of epithelial cells

3 primary germ layers are

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Glandular epithelium

a gland is a singular cell or a mass of epithelial cells that are
adapted for secretion

Two types of glandular epithelium

Exocrine and Endocrine

Exocrine consists of

sudoriferous, sebaceous, digestive, and ceruminous glands

Sudoriferous glands

secrete sweat

sebaceous glands

secrete oil called sesum

Digestive glands

secrete enzymes mostly in the pancreas

Ceruminous glands

secrete ear wax

exocrine glands

secrete into ducts at the surface of covering and lining of
epithelium or directly onto a free surface

Exocrine gland examples

sweat, oil, mammary, salivary and digestive glands

endocrine glands

secrete hormones into interstitial space where they absorbe into the
blood stream through capillaries

endocrine gland examples

pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands

Two types if sweat glands

Apocrine & Eccrine

Apocrine

Open into hair follicles and produce sticky, viscous secretion that
may contain phermones

Where apocrine sweat glands are found

skin of armpit, pubic region, and areola of breasts

Eccrine glands

produced a watery secretion that has a principle function to regular
body temperatures

Where eccrine glands are found

found throughout the skin except for the lips, nail beds, glans
penis, glans clitoris, labia minora, and ear drums. They are MOST
numerous on palms and soles.

Functional classification of exocrine glands

based on whether the secretion is released form an intact cell or if
the secretion consists of the entire cell itself or parts of the
glandular cells

3 functional types of exocrine glands

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

Merocrine gland

secretion is released from an intact cell
example: pancreas and salivary gland

Holocrine gland

the entire cell dies and becomes the secretion. Then a new cell
replaces the old cell.
Example: sebaceous(oil) gland found in skin

Apocrine gland

part of the cell cytoplasm pinches off from the rest of the cell to
form the secretion.
Example: Mammary glands

Simple

one slayer

Stratified

several layers

pseudostratified

one layer that appears as two or more layers

squamous

flat

cubodial

cube-like

columnar

rectangular

transitional

variable shapes

Endothelium

lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels

Mesothelium

lines the thoracic cavity and abdomino pelvic cavity and covers the
organs within them

Mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue; the tissue from which all other
connective tissues eventually arise

immature cell

name ends in blast

Chondro blast

immature cartilage cell

Mature cell

name ends in cyte

Chondrocyte

mature cartilage cell

Immature cells procude

produce the matrix and mature cells are mostly involved in
maintaining the matrix

4 types of epithelial membranes

mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

Mucous membrane

lines a body cavity directly to the exterior such as a
gastrointestinal tract

Serous membrane

lines closed cavities (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum) & covers
the organs in the cavities.

Cutaneous membrane

is the skin

Synovial

line joint cavities and consists of areolar connective tissue

4 types of body tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Connective tissue is..

the most abundant tissue in the body

Epithelial tissue

covers body surface, lines hollow organs/body cavities/ducts, forms glands

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

cells are closely packed together
arrange in either single layer or multiple layers
have an apical(free) surface and a basal surface that is attached to
a basement membrane
has a nerve supply
avascular (no blood vessels)
has a high mitotic rater, therefore a high capacity for renewal

Glandular epithelium

single cell or a mass of epithelial cells that are adapted for secretion

Two times of epithelial cells

Exocrine & Endocrine

Exocrine consists of

sudorferious, sebaceous, digestive, and ceruminous glands

Sudoriferous glands do what

secretes sweat

Sebaceous glands do what

secrete oil

digestive glands do what

secrete enzymes
occurs in pancreas

Ceruminous

secretes wax(ear)

Exocrine glands

secrete into ducts at the surface of covering and lining of
epithelium or directly onto a free surface

Examples of exocrine glands

sweat, oil, mammary, salivary and digestive glands

Endocrine glands

secerete hormons into interstitial space where they absorb into the
blood stream through capillaries.

Examples of endocrine glands

pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands

Two times of sweat glands

Apocrine & Eccrine

Apocrine

found in skin of armpit, pubic region, and areola of breasts. They
open into hair follicles and produced sticky, viscous secretion that
may contain pheromones.

Eccrine(watery)

found throughout the skin except for the lips, nail beds,
penis/clitoris, labia minora, & ear drums
They are the most numerous on palms and soles and produce a water
secretion, function is to regulate temperature

Functional Classification of Exocrine glands

based on whether the secretion is releasted from an intact cell or if
the secretion consists of the entire cell itself or parts of the
glandular cells

Three functional types of exocrine glands

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

Merocrine glands

secretion is released from an intact cell

Apocrine gland

part of the cell cytoplasm pinches off from the rest of the cell to
from the secretion

Example of merocrine gland

pancreas and salivary gland

example of apocrine gland

mammary glands

Holocrine glands are

the entire cell does and becomes the secretion. then a new cell
replaces the old one

example of holocrine gland

sebaceous (oil) gland found in skin

Simp

one single layer

stratified

several layers

pseudostratified

one layer that appears as 2 layers

squamous

flat

cubodial

cube-like

columnar

rectangular

transitional

variable shapes

Simple squamous location & function

#NAME?

Simple cubodial

location covers ovaries, kidneys, thyroid gland, lines some glandular ducts
function: secretion and absorption

Non-ciliated simple columnar epehtliam

single layer of non-ciliated rectangular cells

location of non-ciliated rectangular cells

lines most of the GI tract

Goblet cell does what?

secretes mucus

Ciliated simple columnar epitheliam

location: parts of upper respiratory tract,
function: moves fluids or particles along a passageway by ciliary action

Stratified squamous epitheliam location

keratinized

keratinized is

outer layer of skin, resistant and repels bacteria

non keratonized

lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, and covers tongue
function: protection

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

salivary gland ducts and sweat glands
function: protection

Transitional epithelium location

location: lines urinary bladder
function: permits distension because it's able to stretch

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

location: ciliated with goblet cells, lines most of the upper
respiratory tract, lines large excretory ducts, parts of male urethra
function: secrete and movement of mucus by ciliary action

Connective tissue is made up of

cells, ground substance, 3 types of fibers

Connective tissue is

the most abundant in the body

The consistency of matrix..

varies by location.

Ground substance+the fibers=

the matrix

Mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue, the tissue from which all other CT's
eventually rise

immature cell ends in

blast

mature cell ends in

cyte

Chondroblast

immature cartilage cell

chondrocyte

mature cartilage cell

Immature cells produce ______

the matrix

mature cells are involved in maintaining the _____

matrix

Fibroblasts

secrete fibers and matrix

macrophages

phagocytic monocytes (white blood cells)

plasma cells

antibody producing B-lymphnodes

mast cell

produce histamine

adipocytes

fat cells (store energy)

leukocytes

White blood cells

connective tissue matrix is

the ground substance and fibers which occupy the space between cells

3 fibers that are embedded in the matrix between CT cells are

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

collagen fibers

composed of protein collagen, tough, resists stretching
found in bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

Elastic fibers

composed of protein elastin, strong and stretches,
found in skin, blood vessels and lungs

Reticular fibers

consist of collagen and glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of
the blood vessels, form a strong supporting network around fat cells,
nerve fibers, and muscle cells, helps FORM THE FRAMEWORK and basement
membranes of many organs

The function of fibers is to ___

provide strength and support for tissues

Types of connective tissue:

Loose CT, Dense CT , Cartilage, Bone, Blood (liquid CT)

Loose CT

fibers are loosely woven and there are many cells

Areolar CT

has all 3 fibers
location: found in subcutaneous layer and mucous membranes, and
around blood vessels, nerves, and organs
function: strength, support, elasticity

Adipose tissue

consists of adipocytes. Store energy in the from the triglycerides
location: subcutaneous layer around the organs and in the yellow
marrow of long bones
function: supports, protects, and insulates, energy reserve

Reticular CT

consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers
location: found in liver, spleen, lymphnodes
function: forms the framework of organs and binds together with
smooth tissue cells

Dense CT

consists of bundles of collage fibers and fibroblasts
location: forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
function: provides strong attachment between various structues

Dense irregular CT

randomly arranged collagen fibers and few fibroblasts
location: fascie, DERMIS of the skin, joint capsules, and heart valves
function: provides strength

Elastic CT

elastic fibers and fibroblasts
location: lungs, walls of arteries, trachea
function: allows stretching for various structures

Cartilage

contains collagen and elastic fibers and chondroyctes surround by the
membrane called perichondrium

3 major types of cartilage

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage is___

the most abundant type

Hyaline cartilage location and function

fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel like matrix, occasional
chondrocytes inside LACUNAE
Location: Embryonic skeleton at the ends of long bones
function: flexible, provides support, allows movement of joints

Fibrocartilage location and function

location: pubic symphasis, intervertebral discs, and menisci of the knee

Elastic cartilage is__

threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix

Elastic cartilage location & function

location: external ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis
function: gives support, maintains shape, allows flexibility

Epithelial membrane

epithelial layers of cells plus the underlying connective tissue

types of epithelial membranes

mucous, serious, cutaneous

mucous membrane

lines cavities that open to the exteria such as the GI tract
acts as a barrier to disease organisms

connective tissue of the mucous membrane is called the

lamina properia

serous membrane example

pleua, pericardium, peritoneum

pleura=

lungs

pericardium=

heart

Peritoneum=

abdomen

Kidneys are _____

Retroperitoneal

Serous membrane has 2 portions

Parietal & Visceral

Parietal portion is

outside of the organ and lining the cavity

Visveral portion

covers the organ

Simple Squamous

Stratified Squamous

Simple Cuboidal

Transitional

Simple Columnar

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Stratified Cuboidal

Stratified Columnar

Mesenchyme

Areolar

Adipose

Reticular

Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Tendon)

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Elastic Connective Tissue (Ligament)

Blood

Hyaline Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Bone

Neurons + Neuroglia

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Simple Squamous

Stratified Squamous

Simple Cuboidal

Transitional

Simple Columnar

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Stratified Cuboidal

Stratified Columnar

Mesenchyme

Areolar

Adipose

Reticular

Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Tendon)

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Elastic Connective Tissue (Ligament)

Hyaline Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Bone

Neurons + Neuroglia

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Simple Squamous Side View

Neuron + Neuroglia

Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Mesenchyme

Reticular

Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Tendon)

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Elastic Connective

Fibrocartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Bone

Adipose

Simple Columnar

Transitional

Simple Cuboidal

Stratified Squamous

Elastic Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

Simple Cuboidal

Stratified Squamous

Simple Squamous

Smooth Muscle

Elastic Tissue

Skeletal Muscle

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar