Define and contrast animal anatomy and animal physiology.
Animal anatomy is the parts and structures of an organism.
Animal physiology is the study of the parts and functions of the structures.
Define the term "tissue" as it applies to animals.
Groups of cells with a similar appearance and common function
Identify the four major tissue types found in animals.
1. Epithelial
2. Muscle
3. Connective
4. Nervous
Describe the major characteristic (functions; cell types,
extracellular features) of epithelial tissue.
Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and
cavities Functions as a barrier against mechanical injury,
pathogens and fluid loss It's polarized meaning it has two
different sides; the apical surface which faces the lumen or outside
of the organ and is exposed to fluid and/or air, and the basal
surface which is attached to the basal lamina a dense mat that
separates the epithelium from the underlying tissue.
Describe the major characteristic (functions; cell types,
extracellular features) of nervous tissue.
Functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of
information Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system,
they receive impulses from other neurons via its cell body and
multiple extensions called dendrites. The neurons transmit impulses
to other neurons, muscles and cells via extensions called axons
which are often bundled together into nerves Contains
support cells call glial cells which help nourish, insulate and
replenish neurons
Describe the major characteristic (functions; cell types,
extracellular features) of muscle tissue.
Comes in three forms; skeletal, smooth and cardiac All
muscle cells consist of filaments containing the proteins actin and
myosin which together enable muscles to contract Skeletal
muscles are attached to bone by tendons and is involved in voluntary
movements Smooth muscles are found in walls of many organs
(internal) and are responsible for involuntary movements
Cardiac muscle form the contractile wall of the heart
Describe the major characteristic (functions; cell types,
extracellular features) of connective tissue.
Consists of cells scattered through an extracellular
matrix Often consisting of a web of fibers embedded in a
liquid, jelly-like or solid foundation Within the matrix
are numerous cells called fibroblasts which secrete fiber proteins
and macrophages which engulf foreign particles and cell debris
Many forms of connective tissues include; loose connective
tissue, which holds skin and other organs into place; fibrous
connective tissue, which is found in tendons and ligaments; adipose
tissue, which stores fat; blood, which consists of cells and cell
fragments suspended in plasma; cartilage, which provides flexible
support to spine and bone, a hard mineral of calcium, magnesium and
phosphate ions in a matrix of collagen
Compare and contrast the functions of the endocrine and nervous
system in controlling animal physiology.
Endocrine System: Signaling molecules released into bloodstream
by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in the body. Well
adapted for gradual changes that affect the entire body. Pathway-
endocrine cells respond to stimulus and secrete a particular
hormone, hormone travels through bloodstream to target cell where it
interacts with a specific receptor, signal transduction within
target cell triggers a response. Nervous System: Neurons
transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting to specific
locations in the body. Four types of cells can receive nerve
impulses (other neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells and exocrine
cells). Well adapted for immediate and rapid responses to
environment. Pathway- hypothalamus receives info from nerves through
out the body, signal from hypothalamus travel to the pituitary
gland, hormonal signals from hypothalamus trigger hormone secretion
from anterior pituitary.
Define homeostasis.
Steady state", maintenance of internal balance, animals
need to contain a relatively constant internal environment.