taxonomy
classification of groups
-animalia
-plantae
-protista
-monera
-fungi
five kingdoms
domain bacteria, domain archaea, domain eukarya
the current system (domains)
animal kingdom
eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophic, multicellular mobile organisms, most have tissue and organ-system level of organization
plant kingdom
eukaryotic cells, multicellular, non-motile, autotrophic (create own glucose)
monera kingdom
bacteria, prokaryotic, single celled (unicellular), no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
photoautotrophic
organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds, no chloroplast, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
chemoautotrophic
organisms that make their own food molecules from chemical energy, can oxidize inorganic compounds such as sulfur/nitrogen compounds
Chemoheterotrophic
an organism that uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy, feed off dead material/ recyclers, also called saprotrophs, release enzymes, this is the category for most bacteria
aerobic
can survive with oxygen
facultative anaerobes
can survive with or without oxygen: anthrax/fish rotting
obligate anaerobes
cannot be around oxygen/ will kill them
parasitic
one partner benefits other harmed, usually "pathogens" (cause disease by releasing toxins
mutualistic
both partners benefited, intestinal bacteria, nitrogen fixing bacteria
endospore
formed during harsh conditions (resistant to temp. changes)
mutate, resistance, fission, genetic recombination
bacteria has the ability to _________, and develop _______________ reproduce by _________ or _________ _________
conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
transformation
picks up free DNA (chromosome)
transduction
bacterial DNA carried from one cell to another by a vector (virus)
methanogens
live in anaerobic areas (swamps, marshes), release methane into the environment
halophiles
live in areas with a very high salt concentration (Dead Sea)
thermoacidophiles
live in extremely acid/hot environments (geysers, volcanos)
protista
eukaryotic, autotrophic or heterotrophic or mixotrophic, most unicellular some are multicellular, most mobile with a flagella or cilia some reproduce sexually or asexually by fission or mitosis
green algae
protista, spirogyra (reproduce sexually by conjugation), "plant-like", found in range of diverse environments, most unicellular but seaweed is multicellular
red algae
protista, Porphyra (wrapping around the sushi rolls) found in warm seawater, many different types of chlorophyl
brown algae
Protista, kelp (underwater forests, have holdfasts for anchoring)
diatoms
major type of phytoplankton (plant differ) unicellular, major photo synthesizer for earth's supply of oxygen
Dinoflagellates
unicellular, photoautotrophic, use flagella for movement, cause the red tide
ciliates
unicellular, move with cilia, paramecium (responsible for malaria which causes more than 1 million deaths/year
mosquito
vector of malaria
zooflagellates
unicellular microorganisms that move with flagella
-euglena
giardia
transmitted in contaminated water, causes severe diarrhea
trypanosoma
African sleeping sickness (tsetse fly is vector)
ameobozoans
move with pseudopods, feed by phagocytosis
slime molds
lack cell wall, life cycle includes flagellated cells, ameboid cells, multinucleate slime mass
fungi
eukaryotic, mulitcellular, non-green, heterotrophic (saprobic) many exist in parasitic as well as mutualistic relationships with other organisms
hyphae
singular strands (filament)
mycelium
bunch of strands (mass of filaments)
chitin
cell walls of fungi contain _______ (polymer of glucose and has nitrogen)
-haploid hyphae
-dikaryotic hyphae
-diploid zygote hyphae
3 phases of sexual reproduction for fungi
molds
may cause "sick-building" syndrome, another cause athlete's foot another causes ringworm
virus
noncellular (not alive unless in host cell)
DNA viruses
warts, smallpox, herpes, chicken pox, cancer, hepatitis B
RNA viruses
polio, common cold, rabies, measles, mumps, flu, AIDS