Biology 142 exam 1

taxonomy

classification of groups

-animalia
-plantae
-protista
-monera
-fungi

five kingdoms

domain bacteria, domain archaea, domain eukarya

the current system (domains)

animal kingdom

eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophic, multicellular mobile organisms, most have tissue and organ-system level of organization

plant kingdom

eukaryotic cells, multicellular, non-motile, autotrophic (create own glucose)

monera kingdom

bacteria, prokaryotic, single celled (unicellular), no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

photoautotrophic

organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds, no chloroplast, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

chemoautotrophic

organisms that make their own food molecules from chemical energy, can oxidize inorganic compounds such as sulfur/nitrogen compounds

Chemoheterotrophic

an organism that uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy, feed off dead material/ recyclers, also called saprotrophs, release enzymes, this is the category for most bacteria

aerobic

can survive with oxygen

facultative anaerobes

can survive with or without oxygen: anthrax/fish rotting

obligate anaerobes

cannot be around oxygen/ will kill them

parasitic

one partner benefits other harmed, usually "pathogens" (cause disease by releasing toxins

mutualistic

both partners benefited, intestinal bacteria, nitrogen fixing bacteria

endospore

formed during harsh conditions (resistant to temp. changes)

mutate, resistance, fission, genetic recombination

bacteria has the ability to _________, and develop _______________ reproduce by _________ or _________ _________

conjugation

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.

transformation

picks up free DNA (chromosome)

transduction

bacterial DNA carried from one cell to another by a vector (virus)

methanogens

live in anaerobic areas (swamps, marshes), release methane into the environment

halophiles

live in areas with a very high salt concentration (Dead Sea)

thermoacidophiles

live in extremely acid/hot environments (geysers, volcanos)

protista

eukaryotic, autotrophic or heterotrophic or mixotrophic, most unicellular some are multicellular, most mobile with a flagella or cilia some reproduce sexually or asexually by fission or mitosis

green algae

protista, spirogyra (reproduce sexually by conjugation), "plant-like", found in range of diverse environments, most unicellular but seaweed is multicellular

red algae

protista, Porphyra (wrapping around the sushi rolls) found in warm seawater, many different types of chlorophyl

brown algae

Protista, kelp (underwater forests, have holdfasts for anchoring)

diatoms

major type of phytoplankton (plant differ) unicellular, major photo synthesizer for earth's supply of oxygen

Dinoflagellates

unicellular, photoautotrophic, use flagella for movement, cause the red tide

ciliates

unicellular, move with cilia, paramecium (responsible for malaria which causes more than 1 million deaths/year

mosquito

vector of malaria

zooflagellates

unicellular microorganisms that move with flagella
-euglena

giardia

transmitted in contaminated water, causes severe diarrhea

trypanosoma

African sleeping sickness (tsetse fly is vector)

ameobozoans

move with pseudopods, feed by phagocytosis

slime molds

lack cell wall, life cycle includes flagellated cells, ameboid cells, multinucleate slime mass

fungi

eukaryotic, mulitcellular, non-green, heterotrophic (saprobic) many exist in parasitic as well as mutualistic relationships with other organisms

hyphae

singular strands (filament)

mycelium

bunch of strands (mass of filaments)

chitin

cell walls of fungi contain _______ (polymer of glucose and has nitrogen)

-haploid hyphae
-dikaryotic hyphae
-diploid zygote hyphae

3 phases of sexual reproduction for fungi

molds

may cause "sick-building" syndrome, another cause athlete's foot another causes ringworm

virus

noncellular (not alive unless in host cell)

DNA viruses

warts, smallpox, herpes, chicken pox, cancer, hepatitis B

RNA viruses

polio, common cold, rabies, measles, mumps, flu, AIDS