1st Law of thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy)
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another
2nd Law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss in usable energy (heat)
Active site
location on enzyme where substrate associates
ADP
adenosine diphosphate; precursor to ATP
ATP
adenosine triphosphate; energy molecule of cells
Allosteric site
inhibitor binding site on an enzyme that is not the active site
Chemical energy
energy stored in the bonds of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Coenzymes
Non-protein organic cofactors that interact with the enzyme at the active site and are required for proper enzyme function
Cofactors
All molecules that interact with enzymes to catalyze reactions, but are not specified as substrate or product.
Competitive inhibition
When the inhibitor in the substrate compete for the enzyme active site.
Coupled reactions
An endergonic and exergonic reaction that occur in the same place at the same time
Denaturation
When the shape of an enzyme changes and it is no longer functional, it can no longer bind substrate
endergonic reaction
Require input of energy to occur, example boiling water.
exergonic reaction
Reactions that release more energy than input, example combustion.
Energy
The ability to do work or bring about change
Energy of activation
Ea; The energy that must be added to cause the molecules to react with each other.
Entropy
A measure of the relative amount of disorganization.
Enzyme
A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation.
enzyme-substrate complex
The associated structure of the substrate at the active site and the enzyme
Free energy
The amount of energy available or free to do work, after the reaction has occurred.
induced fit
Once a enzyme-substrate complex forms, the enzyme slightly changes shape facilitating the reaction of the substrate to occur
kinetic energy
Energy in motion, example walking
Mechanical energy
When chemical energy is converted to Kinetic energy
Metabolic pathway
A series of linked chemical reactions were the product of one becomes a reactant to the next
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions within the cell or organism
Non-competitive inhibition
When the inhibitor binds to a location other than the active site on an enzyme
Oxidation
When a chemical species loses electrons
Potential energy
Stored energy, not at work at that particular moment, example the ability to walk
Products
Substances that are formed as a result of a reaction
Reactants
Substances that participate in a reaction, also called substrates, especially in an enzymatic reaction.
Reduction
When the chemical species gains electrons
Redox reaction
A chemical reaction that involves reduction and oxidation
Substrates
Reactants in an enzymatic reaction
Vitamins
Small organic molecules that are required in our diet for the synthesis of coenzymes