Scientific Method
To learn how natural world works
1. Collect info
2. State hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Recording and collecting data
5. Analyze data
6. Conclusion
Magnification
Increase of an objects apparent size
Resolution
the power to show details clearly in an image
Cell
Smallest unit that can perform all life's processes
Unicellular
Organism with single cell
Multicellular
Tissue organ/organism that is made of many cells
Macromolecules
Large polymer
Carbons
Proteins
Nucleic acid
Lipids
Ionic
Transfer of electrons
Covalent
sharing of electrons
pH
Scale used to describe how acids or watery 0-14
H+
Hydrogen
OH
oxygen and hydrogen
Acids
Substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Base
Substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Diffusion
Movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher to lower concentration
Osmosis
Water molecules diffuse as they move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher to lower water concentration
Hypertonic
Solution has higher concentration of dissolved particles that a cell
Hypotonic
Solution has lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell
Isotonic
Solution is atomic to a cell if it has the same concentration of dissolved particles as a cell cell
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
Primary energy carrier of all living organisms consists of adenosine, adenine ring and ribose sugar
Photosynthesis
Process that coverts sunlight energy into chemical energy
NEED: chlorophyll, sunlight, water, carbon dioxide
END RESULT: oxygen, carbohydrate, glucose
cell respiration
NEED:ATP
REACTANT: oxygen and glucose
END PRODUCT: 36-38 ATP
alcoholic fermentation
the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol
lactic acid
product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells
DNA
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Made up of phosphate, sugar, deoxyribose
Nitrogen bases
Found in nucleus
DNA replication
Occurs when cell reproduces
DNA unwinds- DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase- brings complementary nucleotide
DNA ligase joins all DNA fragments together
DNA polymerase proof reads and corrects mistakes
Proteins synthesis
Making of protein
Directed by DNA; begin with AUG; end with stop codon
Types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Mutations
Change in DNA
Somatic cell
Body cells
Germ cell
Reproductive
Deletion
loss of a piece of chromosome
Inversion
Segment breaks off and reattaches in reverse
Translocation
Segment breaks off and reattaches to non homologous chromosome
Nondisjunction
Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate durning meiosis
point mutation
Substitution, addition or removal of a single nucleotide
frameshift mutation
Addition or deletion of nucleotide causes codons to be incorrectly grouped
Taxonomy
Practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationship
Archaebacteria
Absence of peptidoglycan
Eubacteria
Classified by shape
Viruses
Classification according to host
Animal
Plant
Bacteria
Food web
Interrelated chains in an ecosystem
Food chain
Pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem
Natural selection
Organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more off spring
Observation
act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question
hypothesis
a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions
prediction
A statement that forecasts what would happen in a test situation if the hypothesis were true.
experiment
used to test a hypothesis and predictions
course adjustment
move stage slightly to sharpen image
arm
Used to support the microscope when carried
Diaphragm
Regulates the amount of light on the specimen
base
The bottom of the microscope, used for support
mirror
Reflects light upward through the diaphragm
clips
hold slide in place on stage
tube
contains ocular lenses
revolving nose piece
holds 2 or more objective lenses and can. be rotated to easily change power
eyepiece
combination of lenses at the viewing end of optical instruments
stage
Small platform where the specimen is mounted for examination
magnification
the increase of an object's apparent size by using lenses or mirrors
resolution
the power to show details clearly in an image
plasma membrane
cells cutter boundary that covers a cells surface and acts as a barrier between inside. and outside of cell
cytoplasm
The region of the cell that is within the plasma membrane and that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus
cytosol
the part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not membrane-bound organelles
nucleus
membrane-bound organelle that contains a cell's DNA
ribosomes
organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
Nucleolus
site where. dan is concentrated when it is in the process of making ribosomal RNA
mitochondria
tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a system of membranous tubes and sacs
lysosomes
Vesicles that bud from the Golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes
cytoskeleton
network of this tubes and filaments
microfilaments
Long threads of the bead like protein actin and are linked end to end and wrapped around each other like two strands of a rope
cilia and flagella
hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement
centrioles
consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope
cell wall
a rigid layer that lies outside the cell's plasma membrane
central vacuole
a large, fluid-filled organelle that stores not only water but also enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials
plastids
organelle like mitochondria and surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA
chloroplasts
use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
thylakoids
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
Chlorophyll
the main molecule that absorbs light and captures light energy for the cell
Eukaryotic
membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Interphase
chromosomes shorten or thicken
nucleolus disappears
prepare phase
prophase
Nuclear membrane disappears / Chromatin condenses and thickens into chromosomes / Spindle fibers appear
metaphase
Chromatids line up along the equator.
anaphase
chromosomes move to poles
shortest phase
telophase
2 new daughter nuclei
nuclear membrane surrounds around each group of chromsomes
Domains of taxonomy
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
autotrophs and heterotrophs
most unicellular some multi
asexual reproduction more common, but some sexual
found in foods or harsh conditions
Heterotrophs
not make own food
saprophytes
live off of dead organisms
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
obligate anaerobes
no oxygen
obligate aerobes
with oxygen
facultative anaerobes
can live with or without oxygen
Lycidas
destruction of infected cell and its membrane