Define photosynthesis
the process by which plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy? C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen.
Chemical equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Heterptroph
organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes
primary source of energy in living things
sunlight/the sun is the primary source of energy for living things
Define pigment
Light-absorbing molecule
chlorphyll and carotenoids
chlorophyll- the green color pigment in plants that trap sunlight for photosynthesis
carotenoids- Are red Orange or yellow accessory pigment that can't transfer sunlight energy directly
4 accessory pigments
Chlorphyll B
Carotenoids
Xanthophylls
Anthocyanins
Function of chlorophyll
allows plants to absorb energy from light
Why is chlorophyll green?
it reflects green wavelengths of light
Factors that affect photosynthesis
Temperature, light, water, co2
What role does light play in photosynthesis
use the energy of light to convert CO2 and H2O
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate
How is energy released from ATP?
Energy released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphate groups.
How does ADP store energy?
When 3rd phosphate adds to ADP
How many phosphates does ATP and ADP have?
ATP- three
ADP-two
Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
what reaction happens in thylakoids
light dependent reaction
Stroma + what reaction takes place
-fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
-light independent reaction
What role does water play in photosynthesis
It is the source of oxygen atoms in the product O2.
light independent vs dependent reactions
independent- set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle
�occurs in stroma
dependent-part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy
electron carriers in photosynthesis
NADPH to NADP+
another name for the light dependent reaction
Calvin Cycle
carbon dioxide in photosynthesis
reactant that is used to build glucose in light independent reactions
cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
the net gain of energy from glycolysis is
2 ATP molecules
Calvin Cycle
light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar
Who discovered the Calvin cycle
Melvin Calvin
What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is and isnt present
diffuses into mitochondria (is present)
When oxygen is not present or if an organism is not able to undergo aerobic respiration, pyruvate will undergo a process called fermentation (isnt present)
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
Where does fermentation occur?
cytoplasm
Fermentation waste products
lactic acid as well as ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Aerobic and Anaerobic, Which is more efficient? What organisms do they occur in? Similarities between the two
Aerobic: Process that requires oxygen (More efficient) occurs in animals
Anaerobic: Process that does not require oxygen occurs in mostly yeast and bacteria
Similarities- Both go through glycolysis
alcoholic fermentation vs Lactic Acid Fermentation
AF- the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol (prokaryotes)
LAF- the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product, A series of anaerobic che
Alcholoic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation start and end products
AF- pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alchohol
LAF- pyruvate to lactate
aerobic respiration start and end product
starts with glucose ends with water carbon dioxide and ATP
What cells use Lactic Acid Fermentation?
Muscle cells (during strenuous exercise) and bacterial cells (used to make yogurt and cheese)
Pyruvate
Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration
mitochondrial matrix
the space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, used in Krebs Cycle
Where does cellular respiration occur?
cytoplasm and mitochondria
How much ATP does cellular respiration generate?
Together, glycolysis (2) the Krebs cycle (2) and the electron transport chain release (32) about 36 molecules of ATP
What is required for the electron transport chain and what is produced?
NADH, FADH2 is required
h+ ions pumped out
ATP and H2O is produced
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
what is released during Krebs cycle
CO2, NADH + FADH2 is made
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
The reactants of one are the products of the other