what is the name of this process seen in the animation?
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biology_8/img/activities_quizzes/0501q.swf
dehydration synthesis
Which polymers are composed of amino acids?
Proteins
Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?
An Oxygen
Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?
Carboxyl functional group
Which monomers make up RNA?
Nucleotides
Describe the formation of polypeptides from amino acids
A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid.
Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.
True
Tertiary
structure is achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chain R groups of amino acids
Quaternary
structure is the result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex
Primary
structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein
Secondary
structure describes the alpha-helices and the beta-sheets that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain
Proteins are polymers of _____.
amino acids
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
peptide
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.
peptide bonds
This animation illustrates the functioning of a ____ protein.
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biology_8/img/activities_quizzes/0512q.swf
Transport
Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein?
Ovalbumin- is a storage protein
Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.
Immune
In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules?
Proteins
Enzymes work by___
Reducing EA (energy of activation)
An enzyme _____.
is an organic catalyst
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
Substrate
As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.
Is unchanged
Lowest Reaction Rate to Highest Reaction Rate
1. Uncatalyzed Reaction
2. Reaction Catalyzed by Enzyme A
3.Reaction Catalyzed by Enzyme B
An Enzyme is ______ when it loses its native conformation and its biological activity.
Denatured
An Enzyme is considered a _____ because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up.
Catalyst
An Enzyme is considered ______ because of its ability to recognize the shape of a particular molecule.
Specific
A _____, such as a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis.
Cofactor
When properly aligned, the enzyme and substrate form an enzyme-substrate (ES)______.
Complex
A substrate binds to an enzyme at the _______, where the reaction occurs.
Active Site
In a catalyzed reaction a reactant is often called a _______.
Substrate
A(n) ____ inhibitor has a structure that is so similar to the substrate that it can bond to the enzyme just like the substrate.
Competitive
A(n) ______ inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site.
Noncompetitive
Usually, a(n) _____ inhibitor forms a covalent bond with an amino acid side group within the active site, which prevents the substrate from entering the active site or prevents catalytic activity.
Irreversible
The competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for the ______ on the enzyme.
Active Site
When the noncompetitive inhibitor is bonded to the enzyme, the shape of the ____ is distorted.
Enzyme
enzyme inhibitors disrupt normal interactions between an enzyme and its ______.
Substrate
You have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. At this point, the reaction has stopped completely.
What can you do to regain the activity of the enzyme?
The enzyme is inactive at this point. New enzyme must be added to regain enzyme activity.
You have an enzymatic reaction proceeding at the optimum pH and optimum temperature. You add a competitive inhibitor to the reaction and notice that the reaction slows down.
What can you do to speed the reaction up again?
Add more substrate; it will outcompete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate.
Which of these is Not a Lipid?
a. cholesterol
b. RNA
c. steroids
d. phospholipid
e. wax
RNA
Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?
a. olive oil
b. lard
c. butter
d. beef fat
e. a fat that is solid at room temperature
Olive Oil
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role ____.
as a component of animal cell membranes
Which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability?
a. temperature
b. the amount of cholesterol in the membrane
c. the polarity of membrane phospholipids
d. the saturation of hydrocarbon tails in membrane phospholipids
The polarity of membrane phospholipids
How can a lipid be distinguished from a sugar?
a. a lipid is made up of only hydrocarbons.
b. lipids are mostly nonpolar.
c. lipids are mostly saturated.
d. a lipid dissolves in water.
Lipids are mostly nonpolar.
True or False? Osmosis is a type of diffusion.
True
What property of dishwashing liquid (detergent) makes it useful to wash grease from pans?
a. solubility in water
b. permeability
c. hydrophobic nature
d. amphipathic nature
Amphipathic Nature
Which of the following particles could diffuse easily through a cell membrane?
a. Oxygen
b. Sodium ion
c. Hydrogen ion
d. Glucose
Oxygen
True or false? The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group.
True
If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell?
a. hypertonic
b. Osmotic
c. hypotonic
d. Isotonic
Hypotonic
What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?
a. Molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
b. Membrane proteins help move molecules across the membrane.
c. No energy is used to move molecule
Membrane proteins help move molecules across the membrane.
Which of the following transporters does not use passive transport to move molecules across a membrane?
a. GLUT-1 glucose transporter
b. Gramicidin ion channel
c. Sodium-potassium pump
d. Valinomycin
Sodium-potassium pump
True or false? Active transport differs from passive transport in that active transport does not require an input of energy.
False
Which membrane protein would be used to move glucose across a membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration?
a. Ion channel
b. Transporter
c. Pump
d. No protein is necessary.
Transporter
Which of the following statements is true about the net movement of an ion across a membrane by passive diffusion through a membrane channel?
a. For every ion that diffuses through the membrane, a different ion diffuses in the opposite direction.
b. The c
The charge on the other side of the membrane is generally the opposite of the ion's charge.
True or false? During active transport through the sodium-potassium pump, ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to pump three sodium ions into the cell for every two potassium ions pumped out of the cell.
False
Lactose transport by membrane proteins occurs under conditions in which the concentration of lactose inside the cell is higher than the concentration outside the cell. What type of transport is used to move lactose into the cell?
a. Simple diffusion
b. Ac
Active transport
Identifying a DNA nucleotide
Identify three possible components of a DNA nucleotide.
Deoxyribose, phosphate group, thymine
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
a. 3'-ATTTGC-5'
b. 3'-GCAAAT-5'
c. 3'-UAAACG-5'
d. 3'-TAAACG-5'
e. 3'-TUUUCG-5'
3'-TAAACG-5'
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
75
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
a. hydrogen bonds
b. hydrophilic interactions
c. ionic bonds
d. covalent bonds
e. S�S bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.
a. glycerol, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
b. amino group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
c. phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a hydrocarbon
d. phosphate gro
phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
Which structure is not a component of a nucleotide?
a. Phosphate group
b. Sulfhydryl Oxygen group
c. Nitrogen-containing base
d. Pentose
Sulfhydryl Oxygen group
Which of the following statements about nucleotide structure is false?
a. The sugar can be either ribose or deoxyribose.
b. The sugar is bonded to the phosphate group.
c. The nitrogenous base is bonded to the sugar.
d. The phosphate group is bonded to the
The phosphate group is bonded to the nitrogenous base.
True or false? Guanine and uracil
are examples of nitrogenous bases.
True
Which linkage forms the backbone of a nucleic acid?
a. A sugar-base-phosphate linkage
b. A sugar-base linkage
c. A base-phosphate linkage
d. A sugar-phosphate linkage
A sugar-phosphate linkage
Which of the following statements about DNA structure is true?
a. The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented antiparallel to each other.
b. The arrangement of the sugar-phosphate groups determines the genetic code.
c. Phosphodiester bonds for
The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented antiparallel to each other.
What is the complementary DNA sequence to 5' ATGCATGTCA 3'?
a. 5' ATGCATGTCA 3'
b. 5' TACGTACAGT 3'
c. 5' TGACATGCAT 3'
d. 5' ACTGTACGTA 3'
5' TGACATGCAT 3'
DNA is composed of building blocks called _____.
Nucleotides
In eukaryotic cells DNA has the appearance of a _____.
Double Helix
Glycogen is _____.
a polysaccharide found in animals
glucose + glucose �> _____ by _____.
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
Which of these is a source of lactose?
a. potatoes
b. milk
c. sugar cane
d. starch
e. sugar beets
Milk
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
a. sucrose
b. galactose
c. lactose
d. cellulose
e. glucose
Cellulose
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
Cellulose
A _______ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.
Monosaccharide
A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a _______.
Polysaccharide.
A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a ________.
Carbohydrate
Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a _______, because it can be split into two monosaccharides.
Disaccharide
Which molecule is not a carbohydrate?
a. Lipid
b. Glycogen
c. Starch
d. Cellulose
Lipid
Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?
a. A six-carbon sugar is called a pentose.
b. Aldoses and ketoses differ in the position of their hydroxyl groups.
c. All monosaccharides contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitro
Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms.
True or false? Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria.
True
Which complex carbohydrate contains only a-1,4-glycosidic linkages?
a. Amylopectin
b. Glycogen
c. Cellulose
d. Amylose
Amylose
Which of the following complex carbohydrates is listed with its correct function?
a. Starch: primary energy-storage molecule in animals
b. Amylose: main component of plant starch
c. Cellulose: structural component of plant cell walls
d. Chitin: constituen
Cellulose: structural component of plant cell walls
Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide?
a. Starch
b. Cellulose
c. Glycogen
d. Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.
Thymine...Cytosine
Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?
a. DNA contains uracil, whereas RNA contains thymine.
b. DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded.
c. DNA contains five-carbon sugars, whereas RNA contains six-carbon sugars.
DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded.
Nucleotides are composed of a _____, a ______________, and a ____________.
pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?
a. cytosine
b. uracil
c. thymine
d. adenine
e. guanine
Thymine
In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon.
1' ... 5'
Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction.
5' to 3'
Who demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage?
Hershey and Chase
The radioactive isotope 32P labels the T2 phage's _____.
DNA
Hershey and Chase used _____ to radioactively label the T2 phage's proteins.
Sulfur 35
After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined the infected cells and found that they contained _____, which dem
labeled DNA ... DNA
Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.
ligase
After DNA replication is completed, _____.
each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
The action of helicase creates _____.
replication forks and replication bubbles
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 5' to 3' strands assembled in short segments?
DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.
template
What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
DNA polymerase
Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?
Primers are short sequences that allow the initiation of DNA synthesis.
Which part of a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) molecule provides the energy for DNA synthesis?
Phosphate groups
Which of the following enzymes creates a primer for DNA polymerase?
Primase
Which of the following statements about Okazaki fragments in E. coli is true?
They are formed on the lagging strand of DNA.
Which of the following enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it unwinds during DNA synthesis?
Topoisomerase
True or false? Single-stranded DNA molecules are said to be antiparallel when they are lined up next to each other but oriented in opposite directions.
True
The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.
Helicase
The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.
RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand
Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by
Ligase