deoxyribonuleic acid
DNA defenition
the blueprint for life
metaphor for DNA
DNA
substance that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next
nucleus
where is DNA located?
copies itself, codes for proteins
two purposes of DNA
nucleotides
subunits of DNA that join together to form a long chain of DNA, examples being A, T, G, and C
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
ingredients of nucleotides
adenine
what nitrogen base does thymine group up with
cytosine
what nitrogen base matches up with guanine
double helix
what shape is DNA
Watson and Crick, Rosalind Franklin
which two scientists are credited with discovering the DNA structure (with help from _____)?
Edwin Chargaff
who discovered complementary nitrogen base pairing?
double bond
what type of bond do thymine and adenine share?
triple bond
what type of bond do guanine and cytosine share?
DNA synthesis
before a cell divides, it must go through this process to copy the DNA to pass on to the daughter cells
helicase, nucleotides, DNA polymerase
In the three steps of DNA synthesis, ______ "unzips" the DNA by breaking the bonds, _______ from the nucleus will bond with the single DNA strands, and ________ "proofreads" the DNA
protein synthesis
the process where proteins are created from the DNA code
mRNA
messenger RNA abbreviation
tRNA
transfer RNA abbreviation
ribose, uracil, single strand, short
differences from DNA to RNA compared to deoxyribose, thymine, double helix, and long traits of DNA
transcription
mRNA synthesis"; the transferring of information from DNA to mRNA
promoter, RNA polymerase, RNA nucleotides, terminator
Transcription steps: using a _______ (section of DNA that begins the code for a protein), _______ splits the DNA; ________ bond with the unzipped DNA; _________ sequence ends the protein code and the mRNA splits
translation
the process in which the "message" carried by mRNA is decoded into an amino acid chain
ribosome, tRNA, amino acids
Translation steps: mRNA attaches to a _______ (usually in an ER); _______ attaches to said ribosome which then transfers amino acids to the complement mRNA; combined _________ make a protein strand.
codon
mRNA sequence is classified as the _______ in translation
anti-codon
tRNA sequence is classified as the _______in translation
mutations
a change of the DNA sequence causes _______; also caused by errors in DNA synthesis or mutagens
point mutation
when one nitrogen base on the DNA is switched
frameshift mutation
a nucleotide is either inserted or removed
producing more cells
how do living things grow?
can't, live, divide, die
Limits of Cell Growth: cells _______ grow forever, cells _____, _____, and _____
nerve cells
this type of cell doesn't divide
contact inhibition
cells will grow until they come in contact with other cells
uncontrolled cell growth
what causes cancer in cells?
stomatic cells
body cells are called this and go through mitosis
gametes
sex cells are called this and go through meiosis
chromosomes
a strand of DNA that stuck to its copy (forms 'X')
chromatin
the thread-like material that makes up a chromosome; made of DNA and proteins
chromatid
one strand of DNA in the condensed form
cell division
the process in which a cell divides into two daughter cells
cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
the life of a cell; consists of three parts: ______, _______, and ________
interphase
the period between cell division; cell is NOT resting; growth and DNA synthesis occurs now
mitosis
the division of the chromosomes; has four stages
meiosis
gamete formation which occurs in sex organs
reduction division
the number of chromosomes is cut in half so when sexual reproduction occurs, each cell carries half the number needed and when they combine the daughter cell has the correct amount of chromosomes
homologs
chromosome from mom and dad that share the code for the same trait
prophase
during this stage of mitosis, the nucleus disappears, chromosomes condense and become visible, centrioles are create and move to opposite ends, and spindles form
metaphase
during this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
anaphase
during this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes are split (then called chromatid) and move to opposite ends
telophase
during this phase of mitosis, being the opposite of prophase, a nucleus forms and the chromatids unwind
cytokinesis
during this stage of mitosis, the cytoplasm divides and creates two new cells, while in plant cells a cell plate forms to divide it
synaptic bond, tetrad
homologs attach using a _______ during the prophase I stage in meiosis, turning it into a _______
anaphase I, dyads
this stage of meiosis, the synaptic bond between the tetrad breaks to form two ________
anaphase II
______ begins when the centromere breaks
centromere
the bond between two DNA strands when they form a chromosome
92, 46, 23
the number of chromosomes goes from ___ to ____ to ____ during meiosis
46, 92, 46
the number of chromosomes goes from ___ to ____ to _____ during mitosis
27
how many cells with s=1 would fit into a cell with s=3?
decreases
what happens to the surface area to volume ratio and the surface are to mass ratio when the cell gets larger?
phosphate groups and sugars
what two things make up the double helix handrails of DNA?
diploid
two sets of chromosomes; pairs of 23 chromosomes; representative symbol is 2n
haploid
name for 23 chromosomes; representative is n
spermatogenesis
the creation of sperm cells; produces four sperm cells
oogenesis
the creation of an egg cell; only 1/4 of the produced cells will survive with the correct of organelles