Cell Theory
- All things are made of cells
- Cells come from preexisting cells
- Cells are the bulding blocks of life
Organelles
The inner parts of a cell
Prokaryotes
Are less complex, have no nucleus, and are smaller (bacteria & archaea)
Eukaryotes
Are more complex, have a nucleus, and are larger (everything other then bacteria & archaea)
Cell Membrane
Transports things in and out of cell, "skin" and inside/outside boundary of the cell;
selectively permeable
(all cells)
Cytosol
The fluid inside the cell in which all organelles float in (all cells)
Cytoplasm
Cytosol and all the organelles in a cell except the nucleus (all cells)
Ribosomes
Make proteins (all cells)
Cell Wall
Hard, protective layer of cells (some prokaryotes and all plant cells)
Nucleoid
Area where DNA exists in a cell (prokaryotes)
Flagella
Tail" of the cell; helps certain cells with locomotion or movement (some prokaryotes and animal cells)
Cilia
The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that help with locomotion or movement (some animal cells)
Nucleus
Control center of the cell; stores DNA, nucleolus, and chromatin (plant and animal cells)
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell (plant and animal cells)
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes (plant and animal cells)
Nuclear Envelope
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell (plant and animal cells)
Nuclear Pores
Holes in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus (plant and animal cells)
Mitochondria
Powerhouse" of the cell; organelle that is the site of ATP production (plant and animal cells)
An outer membrane, an inner membrane, the inner membrane space, and the matrix
What structures does the mitochodria have?
Light as well as CO2 and H2O is used for photosynthesis by chloroplasts and the chemical energy increases which creates glucose and O2; this is used for cellular respiration and made back into CO2 and H2O by mitochondria as the chemical energy decreases
What is the photosynthesis/cellular respiration cycle?
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The transportation system of the cell; moves materials around the cell and helps to create/modify biomolecules (plant and animal cells)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)
The region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes; modifies proteins (plant and animal cells)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)
The region of the endoplasmic reticulum not associated with ribosomes; modifies and creates carbohydrates and lipids (plant and animal cells)
Golgi Apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies biomolecules and organizes vesicle traffic (plant and animal cells)
Vesicles
Spherical membrane compartments that store/transport materials in and out of the cell; can be taken off of or brought into endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus (plant and animal cells)
Lysosomes
Vesicles containing digestive enzymes (plant and animal cells)
Cytoskeleton
A network of rod-like structures that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement (plant and animal cells)
Centrioles/Centrosomes
Central organizing point of the cytoskeleton; help with cell motility and cell division (animal cells)
Actin
Thin filaments of cytoskeleton (plant and animal cells)
Microtubules
Thick, hollow filaments of cytoskeleton (plant and animal cells)
(Central) Vacuole
A giant vesicle that stores water and other nutrients in plant cells (plant cells)
Chloroplasts
Organelles that contain chlorophyll and capture the energy from sunlight to convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis in a plant cell (plant cells)
An outer membrane, an inner membrane, stroma (inner space), thylakoid (a single piece), and granum/grana (a group of pieces)
What structures do chloroplasts have?
A cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA
All cells have...
Dynamic homeostasis
Cell communication helps organisms maintain...
Orchestrating organs and organ systemes
What does cell communication help with in multicellular organisms?
Respond to a changing environment
What does cell communication help with in unicellular organisms?
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule
What is a ligand?
A cell protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response
What is a receptor?
Shape/structure
The ligand and receptor must have the correct...
The receptor will change shape, causing it to change function and do something to "pass the signal" throughout the cell
What happens when a ligand binds to a receptor?
On the cell membrane and in the cytosol
Where are two places a signal receptor can be found?
A chain of proteins or events inside of the cell that relays the signal from the receptor to the rest of the cell; somewhere in the cell that causes the cell to do a cellular response
What is a transduction pathway?
The process in which proteins can be activated or inactivated by adding or removing a substance from a regulatory substance on the protein; this substance is often a phosphate
What is protein activation/deactivation?
ATP, therefore protein activation/deactivation causes ATP to become ADP
Where does a phosphate come from?
The activation/deactivation of proteins by adding/taking away a phosphate
What is phosphorylation/dephosphorylation?
The opening of ion channels to let materials into the cell to continue on the transduction pathway
What is the opening of channels?
Ligands that stay inside of the cell and are a part of the transduction pathway (chemicals released into the cytosol)
What are secondary messengers?
Different types of cells can have different responses to the same ligands because each cell has different receptors or different proteins in transduction pathways which results in different responses
Why are cellular responses different in different cells?
The power of the objective lens multiplied by the power of the eyepiece
How do you calculate total magnification?