Eukaryotic
An organism whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and whose DNA is bound together by proteins
Prokaryotes
A microscopic single-celled organism
Nucleus
A membrane-bound organelle that contains a cell's DNA
Cytoplasm
The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.
Plasma membrane
a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell
Phospholipids
A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
Hydrophobic
tending to repel or fail to mix with water.
Hydrophilic
Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
Selective Permeability
A proper ty of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell.
Concentration Gradient
The process of particles moving through a solution from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles.
Diffusion
The spontaneous net movement of particles down their concentration gradient
Osmosis
a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one
Solvent
The components of a solvent that is present in the greatest amount. It is the substance in which the solute is dissolved
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in liquid
Isotonic
The concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell
Hypotonic
The concentration of solutes is greater on inside the cell than outside of it.
Hypertonic
The concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside
Facilitated diffusion
The process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific trans membrane integral proteins
Active transport
The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration
Vesticle
A large structure within a cell or extra cellular consisting of lipid enclosed by a lipid bilayer
Endocytosis
Taking in of matter by a living cell
Exocytosis
Contents of a cell by a vacuole are released to the exterior
Pinocytosis
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
Phagocytosis
Cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria
Cytosol
The aqueous component of cytoplasm of a cell
Organelles
Any specialized structure within a cell the performs a specific function
Photoautotroph
Any organisms that derives its energy for food
Lots of conservative of mass
For any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy the mass of the system must remain constant overtime
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water
Potential energy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge and other factors
Kinetic energy
Energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion
Visible light
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye
Ultraviolet light
A form of radiation which is not visible to the human eye
Infrared
A type of electromagnetic radiation
Cyanobacteria
A phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis
Light-dependent reactions
The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy
Light-independent reactions
Chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose
Stomata
Tiny openings which allowed plants to exchange gases necessary for cellular processes
G3P
The metabolite that occurs as an intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms
Rubisco
An enzyme present in plant chloroplasts, involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis
Dehydration
The lost or removal of water from something
Photorespiration
A respiratory process in many higher plants by which they take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide, contrary to the general pattern of photosynthesis
Amyloplasts
Non-pigmented organelles found in some plants cells
Producers/autotroph
And organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple substances present it in surroundings
Consumer/heterotroph
An organism that cannot produce its own food
ATP
The energy currency of life
ADP
An organic compound that is composed of adenosine and to phosphate groups
Glycolsis
The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and acid
NADH
A coenzyme found in all living things
Anaerobic
A form of cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is absent or scarce
Fermentation
A metabolic processes that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen
Coenzyme A
A coenzyme derived from pantothenic acid, important in respiration and many other biochemical reactions
Mitochondrial matrix
Where the citric acid cycle takes place
Citric acid cycle
A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy
Chemiosmosis
The movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane
Endosymbiosis theory
Describes how a large host cell and ingested bacteria could easily become dependent on one another for survival