_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
pili
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
protection
The DNA-containing region of a bacterial cell is called the _____.
nucleoid
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
plasma membrane
What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
It houses DNA
Mitosis is the process of _____.
cell division
_____ is most important to transport within a cell.
microtubules and intracellular membranes
When do cells take on their unique characteristics?
during embryonic development
In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
lysosomes
What is the function of the smooth ER?
lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage, poison detoxification
What is the function of the rough ER?
protein synthesis
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
protein modification and sorting, cisternal maturation
What is the function of lysosomes?
macromolecule digestion, autophagy
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
microtubules
What cell structures are unique to plant cells?
chloroplasts, cellulose cell wall, central vacuole
What cell structures are unique to animal cells?
centrioles
What is the function of the central vacuole in a plant cell?
regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, stores cell compounds
What is the function of chloroplasts in a plant cell?
makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energy
What cell structures are unique to prokaryotic cells?
nucleoid
What cell structures are unique to eukaryotic cells?
lysosomes, nucleolus, mitochondria
What cell structures are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
ribosomes, flagella, plasma membrane
_____ are responsible for cell locomotion and the cell's structural characteristics.
microfilaments
_____ serve as intracellular highways for transporting vesicles and organelles; they are also required for cellular locomotion via flagella and cilia.
microtubules
_____ are rope-like structures that anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes. They are specialized for bearing tension.
intermediate filaments
What cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?
tight junctions
The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.
desmosomes
_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.
gap (communicating) junctions
What organelle carries out cellular respiration?
mitochondria
What is the name of the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?
nuclear envelope
The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.
chromatin
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.
nucleolus
_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.
ribosomes
_____ manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane.
RER
Where is calcium stored?
SER
What is the name of the hollow rods that shape and support the cell?
microtubules
_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.
basal bodies
What organelle produces H2O2 as a by-product?
peroxisomes
_____ generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
bound ribosomes
_____ cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization.
prokaryotic
Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the _____.
endomembrane system