binary fission
means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism often a single cell divides into 2 individuals of about equal size
cocci
spherical prokaryotic cell
bacilli
rod-shaped prokaryotic cell
spiral
spiral-shaped prokaryote
symbiosis
interaction between organisms of different species in which one species the symbiont lives in or on another species the host
algea
an informal term that describes a great variety of photosynthetic protists including unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms
protozoans
protist that live primarily by ingesting food; a heterotrophic animal-like protist
fagellates
protozoan (animal-like protein) that moves by means of one or more flagella
amoebas
general term for protozoen characterized by great structural flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia
pseudopodia
temporary extension of an ameobiod cell; function in moving cells and engulfing food
apicomplexans
type of parasitic protozoan cause serious human diseases
ciliates
type of protozoan that moves and feeds by means of cilia
slime molds
multicellular protist related to amoebas
diatoms
unicellular photosynthetic algae with a unique glassy cell wall containing cilia
green algae
one of a group of photosynthetic proteins that includes unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species; photosynthetic protists most closely related to plants
plant
multicellular eukaryote that carries out photosynthesis and has a set of structural and reproductive terrestrial adaptations, including a multicellular, dependent embryo
stomata
a stoma, a pore found in epidermus of leaves, stems, and other organs. that is used to control gas exchange; bordered by pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the stomatol opening
cuticle
variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection various types are non-homologous, differing in their orgin, structure, function and chemical composition
lignin
complex organic polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody
charophytes
common name for green plants, division of fresh water green algae, autotrophic: creating starch from photosynthesis
bryophytes
traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes that are non-vascular plants namely mosses, hornworts and liveworts; life cycles are dominated by the gametophyte stage, that their sporophytes are unbranched and that they do not have a true vascular tis
gymnosperm
group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, ginkgo and genophytes
angiosperm
flowering plants the largest and most species-rich phylum of plants; most diverse group of land plants
flower
seed-bearing part of plant consisting of reproductive organs (stamens and carpels) that are typically surrounded by a brightly colored corolla (petals) and green calyx
gametophyte
is a stage in the life cycle of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations; haploid multi-cellular organisms that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes; sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae
sporophyte
diploid multi-cellular stage in the life cycle of plant and algae; develops from zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm and each of its cells therefore a double set of chromosomes one set from each parent
alternation of generations
primarily used to describe the life cycle of plants (taken here to mean archaeplestida) multi-cellular gametophyte which is haploid within chromosomes, alternates with a multi-cellular sporophyte, which is diploid within 2 chromosomes
sepals
part of flower of angiosperm(flowering plant) using green, they typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom
petals
each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modification leaves and are typically colored
anther
part of stamen that contains pollen
carpel
female reproductive orgin of a flower consisting of an ovary, a stigma, and usually a style; may occur singly or as one of a group
ovary
part of female reproductive organ of the flower or gymnocium; part of pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or @ the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals
stigma
receptive of a carpel, or of several fused carpels, in the gymnocium of flower; receives pollen and where pollen germinates
endosperm
tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants around the time of fertilization, surrounds the embryo, and provides nutrition in form of starch also contains oils and proteins
binary fission
Process by which prokaryotes reproduce
Bacterial diseases
Staphlylococcus, salmonella, Lyme disease
Algae
Informal group of photosynthetic Protists
Green algae, red algae, brown algae
Considered seaweed
Protozoans
Protists that live primarily by ingesting foods
Apicomplexan
Protists that are all parasitic and cause some serious human diseases
true
The mass of prokaryotes is at least 10 times that of eukaryotes
membrane bound nuclei and organelles
Which structures are found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes
false
Prokaryote cells are always found alone (not attached to other cells)
Dinoflagellate
Protists that have external plates of cellulose
false
Plants are the only group of organisms that can perform photosynthesis
shoots and roots
What structural adaptations have allowed plants to exist in terrestrial habitats?
true
The primary photosynthetic organs of plants are the leaves
lignin
What chemical hardens the cell walls in the vascular tissue of plants
shallow waters
What types of habitat did the ancestors of plants live in?
Absence of roots, leaves, and vascular tissue
How do bryophytes differ from other plants?
140 mya
How long ago did flowering plants emerge?
haploid
Cells in the gametophyte stage are considered what?
spore
A haploid cell that can develop into an individual without fusing with another cell
presence of seeds
How are ferns different from other terrestrial plants?
true
An individual of bristlecone pine tree is more than 5000 years old.
reduced gametophyte, seeds, and pollen
What is a terrestrial adaptation possessed by gymnosperms not found in ferns
false
A pollen grain is the female gametophyte
attract pollinators
Why do many flowers possess showy colors
stamen
What is the male reproductive portion of the flower?
rain
Which is not a way in which fruits are typically dispersed.
fungi
consumers that use hyphae to absorb organic moldecules
absorption
How do fungi typically acquire their nutrients?
mycelium
What is the feeding structure of fungi?
hyphae
What portion of the fungi are most responsible for decomposing organic material?
true
An animal is eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic
cell wall
What structure is absent in animal cells that are present in plant and fungi cells?
false
Adult animals typically produce a diploid gamete through mitosis
Gastrula
In which stage of development does the animal develop into a saclike embryo with a two layered wall and opening at one end?
Flagellated protists
What group of organisms do scientists believe that animals evolved from?
predator-prey interactions, increase in atmospheric oxygen, presence of master control gene
Explanations for the cause of the Cambrian explosion?
Cnidarians
Which group of animals possess radial symmetry
Movement
Bilateral symmetry is an adaptation that aids in what?
True
invertebrates comprise 95% of the animal kingdom
false
The majority of sponges are found in freshwater
body tissue, radial symmetry, tentacles with stinging cells
What traits do Cnidarians possess that sponges do not?
carnivorous
How could you best describe the mode in which Cnidarians obtain food?
Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopi, and squid
Which of following organisms is considered a mollusc?
mantle
The portion of a mollusc that secrets its shell
Bivalves
What groups of molluscs have shells that are divided into two halves hinged together?
Metamorphosis
major change of a bodily form usually associated with becoming an adult capable of reproducing sexually
Radial Symmetry
to be identical around the central axis
Larva
an immature individual
Blastula
formed in the fourth stage of the life cycle, a hallow ball of cells
Bilateral Symmetry
to be symmetrical after being split into two equal parts
Molluscs
soft-bodied animals, most are protected by a hard shell
Sponges
stationary animals that appear so immobile that they are often mistaken for plants
Cnidarians
characterized by the presence of body tissues. radial symmetry, and tentacles with stinging cells