The light independent reactions produce ______________ and _______________ which are used in the light dependent reactions.
NADPH+, ADP
In ovaries, the final products of meiosis are
haploid cells
Annette observed that if she put salad dressing on her salad in the morning before leaving home, by lunch time she found excess liquid in her container and the greens were wilted. Why does this happen?
the dressing creates a hypo tonic solution around plant-cells, which causes water to diffuse into the cell creating an increase in turgor pressure.
Assume that a single layer of phospholipids coat the water in a beaker. Which part of the phospholipid molecule will face the air?
the hydrocarbon tails
Living cells use ____________ as their main source of energy.
carbohydrates
___________ are a large and varied groups of molecules that are usually not soluble in water
lipids
what best describes what occurs during cytokineses?
the cytoplasm is divided between the two new daughter cells.
Cell division is preceded by two growth phases. Besides growth, both G1 and G2
contain checkpoints that determine if the cycle will continue
~convert energy
~have its own DNA
~found in almost all cells
~enclosed by two membranes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities and differences. All BUT one of the characteristics on the list above are similarities between mitochondria and chlorop
found in almost all cells.
What process releases the least ATP per molecule of glucose for immediate cell use?
anaerobic respiration
In many organisms, on both the microscopic and gross levels, there are anatomical structures with specific adaptations to serve to increase surface area in order to facilitate chemical reactions as well as transport mechanisms.
What structure listed here
the cristae of mitochondria
Carbon dioxide is not considered an organic molecule. Photosynthetic organisms turn it into an organic molecule in the form of a(n)
carbohydrate
this describes the application of the structure of RNA.
double-stranded molecule
which helps explain water having a high specific heat.
water is polar, so the molecules are held tightly together.
Biology students used raw eggs in an experiment on tonicity and osmosis. The students put their eggs into vinegar to remove the shells. The vinegar was used to remove the shell form the raw egg. What other effect(s) did the vinegar have on the egg?
the vinegar solution was hypotonic, causing the egg to gain mass.
The first level of organization of a protein is created by a linear sequence of
amino acids
As plants grow, stems and branches thicken or increase in girth. This thickening is a result of cells in the vascular cambium. Vascular cambium can develop into either xylem or phloem tissue within a plant. Because of this unique ability, we would expect
woody, re-inforced cell walls
Bacteria communicate and exchange genetic information through extensions of their cell walls called
pili
Will and Juan decided to make a snack after school: peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and a glass of cold milk. They assembled the following ingredients:
- bread
- whole milk
- grape jelly
- peanut butter
grape jelly because it's mostly simple sugars.
plant calles make their own food by taking in
carbon dioxide and water
This is a picture of a blastula, a growing mass of cells all similar to that of the fertilized egg from which it all started. All but one of the statements are true concerning the blastula. That is
cell differentiation has begun.
Cellular respiration allows organisms to release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose, C6H12O6. The energy in glucose is used to produce ATP, which cells use to supply their energy needs. During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen is reduce
water
pollen is produced by the process of
meiosis
One major difference between plant and animal cells is that plant cells are the only ones with
cellulose
The organelle pictured is found in cells of ______________ and is theorized to have once been an independent organism.
photosynthetic autotrophs
The surface area/volume ratio is an important factor for one-celled organisms. As a cell's volume grows, its surface area/volume ratio __________, making it ______________ to acquire enough nutrients via diffusion.
decreases; more difficult
which of these helps explain water having a high specific heat?
water is polar, so the molecules are held tightly together
Because of their function, we would expect muscle cells to have a large number of which cellular organelle?
mitochondria
A _______ chain is a sequence of amino acids that is the foundation for the basic structure of a protein.
polypeptide chain
During cell division, or mitosis, an exact duplicate of the original cell is produced. The instructions for cell division are found in the __________ in the __________.
chromosomes;nucleus
Karen, a famous botanist, propagates thousands of spider plants in her greenhouses. She uses a small cluster of plant cells and grows them first in a nutrient base. Just a few cells eventually grow into a new plant.
Which explanation BEST describes how th
plant cells differentiate immediately after fertilization; a small clump will contain all the cell types needed to grow a new plant.
All cells need water to survive. In order to maintain the necessary amounts, water can flow across the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. What is this flow of water called?
osmosis
Stem cell research could lead to medical cures. Stem cell research probably would not benefit
the eradication of childhood illnesses
Changes in the DNA sequence, or mutations, help drive _______
evoloutionary change
Amy thinks integrated natural resource management (INRM) is a good idea. Therefore, Amy MOST LIKELY believes that people should ...
manage natural resources responsibility
All of the following circumstances, EXCEPT ___________ can produce new combinations of genetic traits in sperm and eggs that are different from the parents.
errors during MITOSIS
A cat is discovered with a very short tail. What would prove that this change was caused by a genetic mutation and not because the cat lost most of its tail at some point in its life?
checking offspring for short tails
Codon charts are generally written as messenger RNA. Given this information, what is the DNA code for the amino acid, asparagine (Asn)?
TTG
In the near future gene therapy may provide cures for genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency or cystic fibrosis. In this case, scientists are using __________ to deliver good genes, or genes to halt a disorder, to the cells of a patien
viruses
All of the following biotechnological advances are possible EXCEPT one. That is the
reproductive cloning of humans
The Human Genome Project is devoted to mapping the general DNA sequence of our species. This could lead to the development of new medicines, as well as the possibility of using gene therapy to treat certain diseases.
However, there are some ethical issues
that insurance companies could discriminate based on genetic make-up
New alleles can be created in all of the following ways, EXCEPT by
the addition or removal of a chromosome by a meiosis error.
All BUT ONE of these scientists worked on the development of the double helix model of DNA. The scientist NOT involved in this research was _____
McClintock
Compare the Venn diagram of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in plants. Where in the diagram would you add offspring different from parents?
A
Scientists use DNA sequencing to understand relationships among life on Earth. The chart illustrates differences between five species and humans. Although the DNA sequence of each may vary, what statement about all six organisms is true?
The process in producing additional DNA, replication, is identical in all six
Melanoma is a skin cancer that occurs in the melanocyte cells of the body. What could be a cause of melanoma?
a genetic mutation in somatic cells
Which statement BEST explains the genetics represented by the cladogram?
Both DNA sequences and amino acid sequences vary among the vertebrates
What type of RNA acts like a delivery truck, delivers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis, and then leaves empty again, to go collect another amino acid?
Transfer RNA
Farmer Brown grows corn for a living. One day, Farmer Green suggests to Farmer Brown that he should clone his best corn plant in order to produce more ears of corn per plant. Farmer Brown is not sure about Farmer Green's idea.
Why might Farmer Brown be he
cloning eliminates the ability to sexually reproduce and provide genetic variability
Scientists are using DNA fingerprinting to help identify the bodies of those killed in the 9/11 tragedy. Most on-site evidence is in the form of bones or teeth. Yet the evidence supplied by the victims' families may include hair or tooth brushes.
How are
DNA is the same in every cell of the body and does not change over time
Inbreeding involves the crossing of organisms that are genetically related to each other. What is a possible disadvantage of inbreeding?
Future generations may be incapable of resisting new diseases.
The Animal Functional Genomics Laboratory at Mississippi State University conducts genetic research involving farm animals. The results can be used to genetically modify cattle. Considering the pros and cons of such a research program, those arguing again
food safety
Dolly, a female domestic sheep, was the first mammal to be cloned from a fully differentiated cell, using the process of nuclear transfer the nucleus of a _____________ is transferred into a cytoplasmic donor.
somatic cell
Sea gulls prey on snails on the rocky sea coast. The snails vary in color from solid brown to brown and tan striped. The birds suck the soft snail bodies out of the shells and leave the shells behind on the rocks. Scientists picked up 500 empty shells and
there would be mostly striped snails
Before a cell can divide, it must copy its DNA one ___________ at a time in a process called DNA replication
nucleotide
The instructions for making proteins come originally from
DNA
In the 1940's, while studying genetic inheritance in corn plants, Barbara McClintock discovered that segments of DNA could move from one place to another on a chromosome and even move from one chromosome to another. The moving segments cause genetic varia
transposons or jumping genes
Meiosis makes four _________ cells.
haploid
Which advance in biotechnology has benefited mankind by providing a DNA catalogue for further research in genetics and disease prevention?
Human Genome Project
Which of these BEST describes the primary goal of meiosis?
daughter cells are produced with only half the chromosomes of the parent cell
What type of RNA acts like a delivery truck, delivers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis, and then leaves empty again, to go collect another amino acid?
transfer RNA