linear chromosomes
The following are features of prokaryotic cells except A) ribosomes; B) cell wall; C) linear chromosomes; D) lack of organelles; E) unicellularity.
the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form that can be used by living organisms
What is "nitrogen fixation"?
transformation
This example of "horizontal gene transfer" involves the ability of bacteria to acquire new DNA (and genes) from their environment, including dead cells.
nucleoid
the nucleus-like region where the circular chromosome is stored in prokaryotes
plasmid
self-replicating, non-chromosomal, circular molecules of DNA with a few genes
chloroplast
Cyanelles are unusual organelles found in the Archaeplastids known as Glaucophytes. These organelles have an outer layer of peptidoglycan and are considered to be a primitive type of _____________.
amoebas
These protozoans have pseudopods, which make it possible for them to engulf their prey through the process known as phagocytosis.
algae
This is an informal term for plant-like photosynthetic organisms, often found in aquatic habitats, that may be single-celled or multicelled.
animals
Choanoflagellates are considered to be the sister group to, or closest living relatives of, _____________.
haploid, diploid
The red alga used to make nori (sushi paper) were sometimes challenging to find, because they have very different _______ and ______ multicellular stages.
symbiosis
What is term to describe an ecological relationship between two species that live together in direct contact?
taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying organisms is called
shared, derived features
Cladistics is an approach to classification that groups species on the basis of
analogous
Features that evolved independently in different lineages (for example, eyes in humans vs. octopuses; wings in birds vs. insects)
Malus
The scientific name of apples is Malus domesticus. To which genus of plants do they belong?
phylogeny
In modern taxonomy, we group and name species primarily based on what we know about their
3.5 billion, 2.1 billion
Prokaryotes first arose around _____ years ago, while eukaryotes first arose around _____ years ago.
bacteria and archaea
Which of the following Domains of Life include single cell, prokaryotic organisms? A. Bacteria; B. Archaea; C. Eukarya; D. Bacteria and Archaea; E. Archaea and Eukarya.
flagella and pili
Many prokaryotes move by means of
nucleoid
The region within a prokaryotic cell in which the DNA is found is called the
in a single chromosome of DNA
Most of the genetic material of a bacterium is
rod-shaped
The "bacillus" part of the name Bacillus subtilis (a common, saprophytic soil bacterium) indicates that these organisms are
peptidoglycans
The cell walls of Bacteria are distinct from those of Archaeans and Eukaryotes because they contain
biofilms
Prokaryotes growing on teeth and other exposed surfaces often form tough assemblages of cells in a protective matrix of polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. Such assemblages are called
gram-positive
The common species of bacteria used to make yogurt have thick walls that stain purple when exposed to a dye called crystal violet. Such bacteria are said to be
proteobacteria
Molecular and anatomical evidence indicates that mitochondria are the evolutionary descendents of
archaeans
This type of organism has cell membranes built from ether lipids and can be found in the digestive systems of cattle, where it produces methane gas.
spirochetes
Borrelia burgdorferi, the organism that causes Lyme disease, is a spring-shaped bacterium in the group called
fission
Bacteria reproduce by a method called
self-replicating circles of DNA with a few genes
Many prokaryotes contain plasmids, which are
thermophilic bacterium
Thermus aquaticus, the organism that provides the heat-stable DNA polymerase used in PCR, is a type of
all of the above are true
Which of the following statements are true of viruses? A. They are noncellular infectious agents; B. They have DNA or RNA covered in a protein coat; C. They can only reproduce with the aid of a host cell; D. All of the above are true; E. None of the above are true.
viral cell division
Which of the following is NOT a typical part of viral reproduction? A. host cell penetration; B. viral component assembly within the host cytoplasm; C. viral cell division; D. release of viral particles from the host cell; E. DNA or RNA replication and protein synthesis.
it is enclosed in a phospholipid envelope derived from the host
Ebolavirus is an enveloped virus, which means
It converts viral RNA into DNA, so that viral DNA can be integrated into the host
What is the role of the enzyme known as "reverse transcriptase"?
all of the above
Which of the following provides evidence for the origin of chloroplasts through endosymbiosis? A. The genome of chloroplasts is similar to cyanobacteria; B. Chloroplasts have multiple membranes; C. Chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission, like prokaryotes; D. All of the above; E. None of the above.
all of the above
Protists" can refer to organisms that are A. eukaryotic; B. single-cellular; C. multi-cellular; D. plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like; E. all of the above.
archaeplastids
What is the name of the clade that includes all of the descendents of the ancestral organism in which chloroplastic endosymbiosis first occurred?
secondary endosymbiosis
Based on several lines of evidence (including DNA, membranes, and a remnant of the nucleus), biologists think red algae were the source of chloroplasts for the protists known as chromalveolates. This is an example of
unikonts
The clade that consists of amoebozoans, fungi, choanoflagellates and animals is known as
choanoflagellates
The modern day organisms that scientists now believe to be most closely related to animals are
amoebas
These aquatic organisms are free-living single celled individuals that can change shape constantly and engulf prey with the aid of pseudopods, or outgrowths of their plasma membranes.
plasmodial slime molds
Which of the following organisms spend most of their life as a slug-like mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei? A. alveolates; B. apicomplexans; C. charophytes; D. prions; E. plasmodial slime molds.
cilia that provide maneuverability
Paramecium and their relatives are characterized by
dinoflagellates
Which group of Alveolates is characterized by having two flagella, sometimes producing neurotoxins that kill fish, and sometimes being bioluminescent?
Plasmodium, an apicomplexan
Malaria is caused by which one of the following organisms?
Phytophthora, a water mold
The Irish Potato Famine and the recent outbreak of Sudden Oak Death are due to a disease caused by
stipes
Multicellular brown algae have bodies that are similar in function to plants, with parts resembling roots, stems, and leaves. The stem-like structures are called
trypanosomes
The Kinetoplastids that cause Chagas disease and African sleeping sickness have long, tapered cells with an undulating membrane and are called
euglenids
These unusual microscopic organisms were a puzzle to early biologists because they are both plant- like (with chloroplasts) and animal-like (with eyespots and flagella, and feeding on bacteria).
cysts
Giardia, a parasite of humans, can survive outside of the host as a sporelike cell with a resistant, protective covering. Such resistant cells are called