Expression
Nucleosomes may control gene... By limiting access to DNA
Expressed
All cells in eukaryotic organisms have the same genes, but in different kinds of cells different genes are ...
Offspring
Methylation patterns are passed on to...
Off
The default setting for most genes seems to be
Activators
-scientists think most eukaryotic regulatory proteins act as ....
Deactivated
One X chromosome in each of a women's cells is.....
Inhibit
Proteins called silencers sometimes bind to DNA and .....transcription
Helical
The DNA-histone beaded fiber is further wrapped into a tight .... Fiber
Methylation
.... Is a chemical modification of DNA that turns genes off
Chromosome
The DNA supercoil is further folded and compacted to form a ....
Regulatory
In eukaryotes, many.... Proteins interact with DNA and one another to turn genes off
Twins
Epigenetic variations may account for differences in identical....
Packing
The folding and compacting of a DNA To a chromosome
Scattered
In eukaryotes, genes coding for enzymes are ... Around the genome
Supercoil
Twisted DNA folds into...
Differentiation
Specialization of cell structure and function
Fit
Besides helping regulate genes, DNA packing also helps DNA .... I'm nucleus
Enhancers
First step of initiating gene transcription is binding of activators to sites called...
Factor
A transcription ... Is a protein that assists in RNA polymerase
Nucleosome
Complex of DNA wrapped around 8 histones
Transcription
the stage at which DNA packing see,s to control the genes
Polymerase
Activators and other proteins help trigger RNA... to trigger transcription
Epigenetic inheritance
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence-such as methylation and histone changes
Promoter
Activators and enhancers may help position RNA polymerase on a genes ....
Fist step in RNA splicing
Removal of noncoding introns from RNA
Second step of RNA splicing
Joining of cons to produce mRNA
Alternative RNA splicing
Joining exits in different ways to produce more than one kind of mRNA from a single gene
RNA interference
Binding of microRNA to mRNA blocking translation
Selective breakdown of proteins
Retaining or destroying proteins, depending on a cells meeds
Selective breakdown of mRNA
Retaining or destroying mRNA molecules, controlling how much they are translated
Control of initiation of translation
Action of proteins that may cause the start of protein synthesis
Activation of a finished protein
Altering a protein to form an active final product
Genetic engineering
Direct manipulation of genes for practical uses
Recombinant DNA
When scientists combine nucleotide sequences from two different sources often different species to form a single DNA molecule
Bacteriophage
Virus that attacks bacteria
Vector
Gene carrier
Biotechnology
Manipulation of organisms to their components to make useful products
Gene cloning
Making multiple copies of gene sized peice a of DNA
Restriction enzyme
Used to splice DNA
Growth hormone
Genetically engineered product that is added to the diet of livestock to enhance weight and milk production
Recombinant DNA
Term given to a molecule comprised of genetic material that has been spliced together from 2 or more different organisms
DNA fingerprinting
Genetic engineering has led to this forensic procedure
Antibodies
Disease attackers that can be genetically engineered to target a particular tumor in the body
Cloning
Term used for growing many identical cells from one cell
Gene therapy
Term used when normal genes replace defective ones in treating a genetic disorder
Plasmid
Rings of bacterial DNA into which a foreign DNA can be incorporated prior to being inserted into a bacterium
DNA ligase
Used to attach prices of DNA together
Interferon
Bacteria have had human genes added to them to enable the manufacture of the antivirus drug
Genesplicing
Technique by which DNA material has a new DNA material attached to it
Insulin
This product, used by human diabetics, is manufactured by bacteria that have had the proper genes inserted into it
Genes
Genetic engineering is defined as the moving of these from one organism to another
Insects
Plants can be genetically altered to resist destruction by these organisms
Str
Repeats in DNA sequences
Restriction fragments
The cut prices of DNA strand
Reverse transcriptase
Isolates mRNA and makes a single stranded DNA transcript from it using enzyme....; helps makes genes for cloning
CDNA
Double stranded DNA that results from reverse transcriptase
Nucleic acid probe
Used to find specific gene or other nucleotide sequence within a mass of dna
Vaccine
Harmless variant that to create a longer lasting immune system
Gm organisms
Organisms that have obtained one or more artificial genes
Transgenic organism
If newly acquired genes are from another organism, typically of another species, the recombinant organism is a....
Ti plasmid
Plasmid from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Pcr
Specific segment of DNA is amplified
DNA profiling
Analysis of DNA samples to find where it came from
Forensics
Study of a crime scene
Gel electroforesis
Use of electricity to find DNA traces
Repetitive dna
Consists of nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies on the genome
Rflps
Genetic markers for particular loci in the genome
Snp
Single base pair variations in the genome
Genomics
Science of studying a complete set of genes
Proteomics
Study of a full set of proteins encoded by a genome
Transcription factors
Proteins that help RNA polymerase function
Enhancers
First step of initiating gene transcription is The binding of activator proteins called...
Silencers
Bind to DNA sequences and inhibit start of transcription
MiRNA
Small RNA molecules that can hint to complementary sequences on mRNA molecules
Regeneration
Regrow the of lost body parts
Signal transduction pathway
Series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cells surface to a specific response inside a cell
Nuclear transplantation
Replacing the nucleus of an egg or zygote with the nucleus of an adult somatic cell
Reproductive cloning
Results in an identical clone of the donor and a new living individual
Embryonic stem cell
Harvested from blastocyst
Therapeutic cloning
Produce embryonic stem cells for therapeutic treatments
Adult stem cells
Able to give rise to many but not all cell types in an organism