microbes / microorganisms
minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Microbiology
study of small life
bioremediation
toxins can be removed from underground wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites, oil spills
halophiles, methanogens, thermophiles
types of archaea
bacillus, coccus, spiral
3 major shapes of bacteria
emerging infectious diseases
disease that are new, or changing and increasing
biofilm
complex aggregation of microbes
infectious disease
pathogens invade susceptible host, carry out life cycle in host and cause disease in host
Spallanzani
Person who heated nutrients after being sealed, no microbes grew (support for biogenesis)
Needham
Person who heated nutrients before pouring into covered flasks, microbes grew (support for spontaneous generation)
Redi
Person who demonstrated that maggots do not rise spontaneously from decaying meat
Genomics
study of all of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
pathogenic
disease producing
gene therapy
inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells
Infectious Protein
Prions
biotechnology
microorganisms produce common foods and chemicals
microbial ecology
study of relationship between microorganisms and their environment
multicellular animal parasites
helminths
Spontaneous generation
Theory that living organisms arise from nonliving matter because they would see flies coming out of manure and maggots coming out of dead animals and see microorganisms appear in liquids after a day or two
Biological Control of Pests
Certain microorganisms cause disease in insects. Microorganisms that kill insects can be effective biological control agents because they are specific for the pest and do not persist in the environment
Recycling of Elements
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus are required for all living organisms. Microorganisms convert these elements into forms that are useful for other organisms.
Sewage treatment
Organic matter in sewage is decomposed by bacteria into carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates, sulfate and other inorganic compounds in a wastewater treatment plant
Human Insulin Productions
Recombinant DNA techniques have resulted in insertion of the gene for insulin production into bacteria
microbial genetics
studies the mechanisms by which mircororganisms inherit traits
Koch
Person credited with the germ theory of disease
- streaking for isolation
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
molecular biology
studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
Ehrlich
Person who speculated there was a "magic bullet" to cure syphillis. Used the 1s synthetic chemotherapy agent salvarsan to treat his syphillis patients
Recombinant DNA
fragments of human or animal DNA can be attached to bacterial DNA
antibiotics
chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms
immunity
protection from disease provided by vaccination or the disease itself
Watson and Crick
Researcher credited for discovering the DNA structure
chemotherapy
treatment of disease by using chemical substances
germ theory of disease
microorganisms might cause disease
bacteria
unicellular, prokaryote, peptidoglycan walls
Koch's postulates
steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
All bacteria have
cytoplasm, nuclear area containing DNA, ribosome, cell, wall, plasma membrane
Ribosome Function
protein synthesis
DNA
codes for proteins
aseptic techniques
techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms
Algae
photosynthetic eukaryote, walls made of cellulose
Fungi
cell wall made of chitin, eukaryote, reproduce sexually or assexually, absorb material from environment
Protozoa
eukaryote, movement by psuedopods, flagella, cilia
Viruses
acellular, DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat
Biogenesis
Theory that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells
van Leeuwenhoek
Person who was 1st to observe living cells - "animalcules" which were bacteria
Linnaeus
Person credited for the nomenclature for organisms- genus species- 1735
Jenner
Person who created the 1st vaccine (smallpox)
vaccination
Pasteur
Person who
- defined equation for fermentation
- disproved spontaneous generation via swan neck flask
- pasteurization & fermentation of yeast
- a particular silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan
Pasteurization
reduces spoilage by heating enough to kill bacteria
Normal Microbiota
microorganisms that are found in and on the human body. They do not usually cause disease and can be beneficial
Fermentaion
convert sugars to alcohol without air
Lister
Person who endorsed aseptic surgery
archaea
prokaryote, lack peptidoglycan but may have pseudo-peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments
Gram
Person credited for the gram-staining procedure
cell theory
all living things are composed of cells
Bacillus
Describes the "rod-like" shapes of some bacteria
Coccus
Describes the "rounded" "circular" "oval" shapes of some bacteria
Aureus
Describes the "gold-colored" shapes of some bacteria
Staphylo-
Describes the "clustered" shapes of some bacteria
What are the characteristics of Multicellular Animal Parasites?
- Eukaryotes; have nuclei
- Flatworms & Roundworms are called "Helminths"
- May be microscopic in early life stages
What are the characteristics of Viruses?
- lack cells
- non-living
- RNA & DNA core
- core is surrounded by protein coat
- coat can be surrounded by envelope of lipids
- replicate only within a living host
What are the characteristics of Algae?
- Eukaryotes; have nuclei
- Cell walls contain cellulose
- Energy thru photosynthesis
- Produce oxygen & organic compounds
What are the characteristics of Bacteria?
- Prokaryotes; lack nuclei
- Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
- Reproduce via binary fission (split into 2)
- Energy thru organic, inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
What are the characteristics of Archaea?
- Prokaryotes; lack nuclei
- Cell walls lack peptidoglycan, but may have
pseudo-peptidoglycan
- Live in extreme environments (ex. thermophiles)
What are the characteristics of Protozoa?
- Eukaryotes; have neuclei
- most are unicellular
- Energy thru absorption or ingestion
- May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Chitin
Found in the cell walls of Fungi
What are the characteristics of Fungi?
- Eukaryotes; have nuclei
- Energy thru organic chemicals
- Chitin in cell walls (not cellulose)
- Examples are yeasts, molds, mushrooms
What are the single-cell Fungi called?
Yeasts
Mycelia
The thread-like filaments that hold colonies of fungi together
List the eukaryotic microbes
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Protista / Protazoa
What distinguishes a bacteria from an archea?
They both lack nuclei (prokaryotes), but only bacteria have cell walls containing peptidoglycan;
archea may have pseudo-peptidoglycan
Which kingdoms of microbes are prokaryotes?
Bacteria & Archaea
Eukaryotes
microbes that have a nucleus in their cells
Prokaryotes
microbes that lack a nucleus in their cells
term means "pre-nuclei
What are the 3 domains of microorganisms?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Identify the species & genus in the name for the common housefly "Musca domestica
Musca - genus
domestica - species
Describe the destructive action of microbes
Most microbes do not cause disease
Some diseases are microbes out of balance or in host where they do not belong
Name some of the beneficial actions of microbes
(List several ways microbes affect our daily lives)
- disease prevention - recombinant DNA
- prevent food from spoiling - biofilms
- biofuels such as ethanol - recycling vital elements
- production of foods & medicines - pest control
- manufacturing products - bioremediation
- water & sewage treatment
Escherich
Person credited with discovery of E. coli
Iwanowski
Person who discovered that viruses could be filtered
Berg
Person who spliced animal DNA to bacteria DNA
Hooke
Person who made 1st microscope
Person who 1st observed and named plants' cells
"little boxes
Fleming
Person who discovered penicillin
Beadle & Tatum
Researcher who showed that genes contain the code for enzymes
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty
Person who proved that DNA is the hereditary material
Woese
Credited for creating the 3 Domain system of living organisms by looking at rRNA, he discovered that ribosomes are different between these groups
Weizmann
Person who used bacteria to produce acetone
Virchow
Person who said that living cells arise from pre-existing living cells; "cell theory
Jacob & Monod
Person who discovered how DNA controls protein synthesis in a cell
Lancefield
Person who proposed a classification system for streptococci based on the antigens in their cell walls
Lederberg & Tatum
Person who discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacteria to another
Stanley
First person to characterize a virus
Gram-positive microbes cell walls are ___ (thick or thin)
thick
Gram-negative microbes cell walls are ___ (thick or thin)
thin
What is difference between a disease and an infection?
An infection is the colonization of microbes into a host, which may cause a disease - which is the alteration of function or pathology
Schwann & Schleiden
Person who suggested that cells were the basic unit of life - one part of the overall cell theory
Cell theory
1. All living things are made of cells (Hooke)
2. Cells are the basic unit of life (Schwann & Schleiden)
3. Cells arise from other living cells (Virchow)
Sterilization
the procedure of making some object free of live bacteria or other microorganisms (usually by heat or chemical means)
Bassi
Person who showed that particular a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus
Semmelweis
Person who advocated hand-washing to prevention transmission from one patient to another
Bacteriology
the study of bacteria
Mycology
the study of fungi
Virology
the study of viruses
Parasitology
the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
Immunology
The study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases
Microbial genetics
the study of how microbes inherit traits
Molecular biology
the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
Name examples of biotechnology that use recombined DNA technology
Drugs, Insulin, bioremediation, searching for petroleum
What are 2 beneficial uses for bacteria
biotechnology & recombinant DNA
What is the difference between Biotechnology & Recombinant DNA
Biotechnology - using a bioagent in any beneficial way
Recombinant DNA - combining the genes of 2 organisms
Microbiota
the term for the microbes that are normally present in and on the human body; usually beneficial
Resistance
the ability of the body to ward off disease. Factors include skin, stomach, and microbiota
Lab Case Study:
Escherichia coli O157:H7
Lab Case Study:
toxin producing strain of E. coli
leading cause of diarrhea worldwide
hemolytic uremic syndorme (bloody stool) that could produce kidney damage leading to renal failure
Lab Case Study:
Brucella melitensis
Lab Case Study:
rare bacterium and potential agent of bioterrorism
symptoms: fever, chills, sweats, weightloss
Lab Case Study:
Ocular Vaccinia
Lab Case Study:
symptoms: itching, swelling, tearing and redness of eye
Viral pathogen
Lab Case Study:
Pseudo-nitzchia
Lab Case Study:
a type of diatom, found in filter feeding mollusks
symptoms: shellfish poisoning, headaches, dizziness, nausea, confusion, loss of short-term memory
Lab Case Study:
Alexandrium
Lab Case Study:
dinoflaggellate algae responsible for the production of the toxin Pseudo-nitzchia
Dinoflaggellate Algae
the type of algae which have 2 protective plates and two flagella with which to move
Lab Case Study:
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK)
Lab Case Study:
a rare but potentially blinding infection of the cornea caused by the free-living protozoon Acanthamoeba)
found in 2006 in contact lens users
Lab Case Study:
Legionella spp.
Lab Case Study:
the bacterial microbe that live in potable water systems, causes Legionaires' Disease
Lab Case Study:
Histoplasma capsulatum
Lab Case Study:
a fungus present in soil in areas of the Americas
causes Pulmonary Histoplasmosis by inhalation
symptoms: acute febrile respiratory illness
Lab Case Study:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lab Case Study:
the agent causing pulmonary disease TB