microbe/microorganism
living things, too small to be seen with the unaided eye
What are the five groups of microbes?
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses
How do the majority of microorganisms make crucial contributions to the welfare of the world's inhabitants?
They help maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment.
What do marine and freshwater microorganisms do?
They form the basis of the food chain in oceans, lakes and rivers.
genetic engineering
manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro; also called recombinant DNA technology
virus
a submicroscopic, parasitic, filterabel agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
EID emerging infectious disease
a new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future
helminth
a parasitic roundword or flatworm
normal microbiota
the microorganisms that colonize a host withour causing disease; also called normal flora
bacteriology
the scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea
genus (plural:genera)
the first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species
alga (plural: algae)
A photosynthetic eukaryote; may be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular but lack the tissues found in plants.
pathogen
disease causing organism
pasteurization
the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens
chemotherapy
treatment with chemical substances
Koch's postulates
criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious diseases.
prokaryote
a cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope
bacteria
prokaryotic cell, peptidoglycan (protein carbohydrate)cell walls; unicellular
immunology
the study of a host's specific defenses to a pathogen.
biotechnology
the industrial application of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a useful product.
microorganism
a living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteris, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae; also includes viruses
molecular biology
the science dealing with DNA and protein synthesis of living organisms
eology
the study of the interrelationships between organisms and with their environment
mycology
the scientific study of fungi
biogenesis
the theory that living cels arise only from preexisting cells
spontaneous generation
the idea that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
protozoan
unicellular eukaryotic organisms; usually chemoheterotrophic
genomics
the study of genes and their function
aseptic techniques
laboratory techniques used to minimize contamination
fermentation
the enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required
recombinant DNA
A DNA molecule produces by recombination
virology
the scientific study of viruses
species
the most specific level in the taxonomic hierarchy
infectious disease
A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host and carry out at least part of their life cycle in the host
synthetic drug
A chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemicals in a laboratory
cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells and arise from preexisting cells
archaea
prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; one of the three domains
parasitology
the scientific study of parasites (protozoa and parasitic worms)
eukaryote
A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus.
gene therapy
Treating a disease by replacin abnormal genes.
immunity
the body's defense against particular pathogenic microorganisms; also called specific resistance.
bioremediation
the use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant
specific epithet
the second or species name in a scientific binomial
antibiotic
an antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus.
fungus (plural:fungi)
An organism that belongs to the Kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph
germ theory of disease
the principle that microorganisms cause disease
microorganism domains
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
eukarya
protists, fungi, plants, animals
plants
mosses ferns, conifers, flowering plants
protists
slime molds,protozoa, algae
fungi
unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, mushrooms
animals
sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates
1665 Robert Hooke
discovered "little boxes" on cork marked thebeginning of the cell theory
1673-1723 Van Leeuwenhoek
first to actually observe live microorganisms, he called them animalcules, made detailed drawings of the animalcules in rainwater, feces, tooth film
1668 Francesco Redi
challenged spontaneous generation with experiment with meat in jars
1745 John Needham
heated fluid and put it in sealed jar, microbes still grew. seemed to strengthen idea of spontaneous generation.
1765 Lazzaro Spallanzani
showed that fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth.
Laurent Lavoisier
showed the importance of oxygen to life. His theory was challenged because critics said there was not enough oxygen in the flasks to support microbial life.
Rudolph Virchow
challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis. Living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells
1861 Louis Pasteur
resolved isuue of spontaneous generation. flask experiment- methods are available to block access of airborne microorganisms,mocrobes can be present in non living matter and can be destroyed by heat, proof of bio genesis beginning of aseptic techniques,fe
1857 to 1914
golden age of Microbiology, rapid advances spearheaded by Koch and pasteur led to the establishment of microbiology as a science
fermentation
yeast converts sugars to alcohol in the absence of air
pasteurization
heat enough to kill most of the bacteria that cause spoilage
1860 Joseph Lister
applied germ theory to medical procedures.
1876 Robert Koch
discovered bacilli in cattle and , he cultured the bacteria and injected it into healthy animals and then compared the samples. he established a sequence of experimental steps for relating the microbe to the disease
Edward Jenner
infected a healthy person with cow pox to determine resistance to small pox-vaccination
chemotherapy
using chemical substances to treat disease
synthetic drugs
chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in a lab
antibiotics
chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms
Paul Elrich
magic bullet" found salvarsan a derivative effective against syphilis
Alexander Fleming
penicillin
recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)
when recombinant DNA is inserted into bacteria it can be used to make large quantities of the desired protein.
microbial genetics
studies the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits
molecular biology
how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how it directs the synthesis of proteins
Ignaz Semmelweis
reduced peuralperal transmission by initiating hand washing,
interferons
inhibit replication of viruses and have triffered considerable research related to the treatment of viral diseases and cancer
Rebecca lancefield
proposed that streptococci be classified according to serotypes (variants within a species)