Prophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up single file at the middle of the cell
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate
Anaphase
Spindle fibers begin to shorten, pulling chromatids towards opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
A nuclear membrane forms around chromatin
Telophase
Spindle fibers begin to break down
Telophase
Two identical nuclei form
Prophase
Copied DNA condenses into chromosomes
Prophase
The nucleolus disappears, and the nuclear membrane breaks down
Prophase
Spindle fibers begin to form
Cell Cycle
process of cellular reproduction, occurring in three main stages - interphase (growth), mitosis (nuclear division), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
Chromatin
relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus of a cell
Chromosome
DNA-containing structure that carries genetic material from one generation to another
Cytokinesis
third main stage of the cell cycle, during which the cell's cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell
Interphase
first stage of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, matures, and replicates its DNA
Mitosis
second main stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's replicated DNA divides and two genetically identical diploid daughter cells are produced
Anaphase
third stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart and spindle fibers, along with motor proteins, move the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
Centromere
cell structure that joins two sister chromatids
Metaphase
second stage of mitosis in which spindle fibers and motor proteins pull sister chromatids to the cell's equator
Prophase
first stage of mitosis, during which the cell's chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Sister Chromatid
structure that contains identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication
Telophase
last stage of mitosis in which nucleoli reappear. Two new nuclear membranes begin to form, but the cell has not yet completely divided.
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Cancer
uncontrolled growth and division of cells that can be caused by changes in control of the cell cycle and may be caused by environmental factors
Carcinogen
cancer-causing substance
Cell cycle
The stages that take place between the time a eukaryotic cell divides and the time the daughter cells divide. (stages of growth, preparation, and division (Interphase and Mitosis)
Cancer
A malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal, uncontrolled cell division.
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases. (Period of normal growth and maintenance. (3 stages)
G1
In interphase - cell grows rapidly, builds new organelles; also performs regular cell functions
S phase
The "synthesis" phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. (doubles each chromosomes)
G2
Final preparation phase. Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes. (Prepares for Mitosis)
Mitosis
1 diploid parent cell splits into 2 identical diploid daughter cells.
Prophase
Nucleolus has disappeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart, and spindle is in process of forming.
Prophase
-the chromosomes coil up and become visible while the nuclear envelope disappears.
-Sister chromatids are present.
A centriole forms at each pole and spindle fibers made of microtubules grow out of it.
-Short microtubules stick out from the centriole in a
Metaphase
Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles
Metaphase
Second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Anaphase
Third phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
Anaphase
-The kinetochores "reel in" or "gobble up" the spindle fibers
-This pulls the sister chromatids apart by splitting their centromere.
The split chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell
Telophase
The fourth and final stage of mitosis, in which nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.
Telophase
-Chromosomes become indistinct
-Daughter cells are forming
-Once the chromatids have reached the opposite sides the spindle fibers disappear
-The chromosomes unravel
-nuclear envelope reappears on the two new nuclei
Cytokinesis
the cytoplasm forms a cleavage furrow at the equator to split the cytoplasm. (in plants a cell plate forms at the equator.)
Chromatids
Bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division. Two chromatids bound at a centromere make a CHROMOSOME.
Spindle fibers
Special strands of microtubules which grow out of the centrioles, connect to chromosomes at the centromeres, and pull them apart during (anaphase) of mitosis.
Chromosomes
DNA that is coiled together and condensed into small packages (like DNA suitcases)
(each has 23 from mom, 23 from dad). Consists of 2 "sister" chromatids bound at a centromere.
Chromatin
unpackaged unwound DNA in the nucleus of a cell
Centromere
holds sister chromatids together.
Metaphase
Prophase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase--longest part of cell cycle, when cells grow, develop and duplicate DNA and organelles to prepare for mitosis.
Cell cycle consists of these three phases
Interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
Phase of cell cycle that is much longer than the other three.
Interphase--cell growth and development, duplicating DNA and organelles to get ready for division.
Part of cell cycle that is the shortest, after mitosis is complete.
Cytokinesis
cytokinesis
Occurs after telophase (after mitosis is complete) to complete the cell cycle.
cytokinesis.