Which is not a nucleotide base in adenine?
Uracil
What is the base pairing rues for DNA?
A-T, C-G
A DNA strand having the base sequence C-G-A-T-T-G would be complementary to the sequence
G-C-T-A-A-C
One secies' DNA differs from others in its
base sequence
When DNA replication begins,
The 2 DNA Strands unwind from each other
DNA replication requires
Free nucleotides, new hydrogen bonds, many enzymes
Two nucleotide strands twisted together represents
DNA double helix
the appropriate adjective to describe DNA replication is
semiconservative
DNA Polymerase
is an enzyme, adds new nucleotides, proofreads DNA strands to see that they are correct
In a pairing of two nucleotides within the double helix
hydrogen bonds are used, adenine and thymine bind together, purines bind with pyridimines, double-ring nitrogenous bases connect to single-ring bases
Which refers to the genetic code?
Base triplet coding for amino acids
Which refers to the term Oncogene?
gene with the potential to induce cancerous transformation
Which describes the term repressor
Inhibits gene transcription
Cancer cells have the following characteristics
profound changes in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, weakened capacity for adhesion
Mutations in genes arise from
UV Radiation, X-Rays, spontaneous changes
Cell differentiation
occurs in embryonic cells
Cancer cells
have altered plasma membranes, are unable to attach to other cells, divide to produce high densities of cells. have a different metablosim, using glycolysis even when Oxygen is not available
The spread of cancer from one site to another is known as
metasis
The specific name given to a cancer producing chemical is
carcinogen
Four of five answers listed below are descriptions of cancer cells. Select the exception
abnormal shaped nucleus
Causes part of the DNA sequence to orient in the reverse direction
inversion
Nondisjunction can occur during
anaphase 1
A chromosome segment is lost when ___ occurs
Deletion
Turner's syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome can easily be diagnosed by
Karyotyping
Nondisjunction at meiosis can result in
aneuploidy
Chromosome structure can be altered by
deletions, inversion, translocations
Genetic disorders can be caused by
mutation, altered chromosome number, altered chromosome structure
When a segment of a chromosome moves to a non-homologous chromosome, this is
Is called translocation, an abnormal change in a chromosome structure
Chromosome structure can be altered by
deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
nondisjunction at meiosis can result in
aneuploidy
the ___ of chromosomes in a cell are compared to construct
length & shape
Body Cells inherit three or more of each type of chromosome characteristics of a species, a condition called polypody
true
DNA contains different genes that are transcribed into
mRNAS, tRNAS and rRNAS
The RNA molecule is
usually single- stranded
mRNA is produced by
transcription
Each codon calls for a specific
amino acids
Anticodons pair with
mRNA codons
the main function of an mRNA molecule is to
Carry a translatable message
When a cell uses the information encoded in a gene to produce an RNA or protein, this is known as
Gene expression
The expression of a given gene depends on
cell type and function, chemical conditions, and environmental signals
Regulatory proteins interact with
DNA, RNA, Gene products
Which refers to the genetic code
Base triplet coding for amino acids
Which describes the term repressor
Inhibits gene transcription
Which refers to the term Oncogene
Gene with the potential to induce cancerous transformation
Mutations in gene arise from
UV radiation, X-Rays, spontaneous changes
___Are small circles of bacterial DNA that are separate from he circular bacterial chromosome
Chloroplasts
DNA fragments result when___ cut the DNA molecules at specific sites
restriction enzymes
PCR stands for
polymerase chain reaction
A___ is a collection of DNA fragments, produced by restriction enzymes and incorporated into plasmids
DNA probe
A ___ is multiple, identical copies of a collection of DNA fragments inserted into plasmids
DNA clone
___ is the transfer of normal genes into the body cells to correct a genetic defect
Gene therapy
Tobacco plant leaves that produce hemoglobin are a result of___
Genetic engineering
Nature's genetic experiments
are mutations and/ or crossovers of chromosomes
Enzymes used to cut DNA molecules in recombinant DNA are
Restriction enzymes
The "natural" use of restriction enzymes by bacteria is to
Destroy viral DNA
*For the polymerase chain reaction to occur
A sticky end must be available for the ligase enzyme to bind the assembled; complementary DNA strand to the separated DNA strand
Growth and reproduction depends on
Controls over cell division
Growth factors invite
Transcription of genes that help the body grow
other proteins inhibit cell cycle changes, such as
after chromosomal DNA gets damaged
When all checkpoint mechanisms of a particular process fail,
a cell loses control over its replication cycle and the cell's descendants form a neoplasm
Neoplasms
Are abnormal masses of cells that lose lost control over how they grow and divide.
Benign
Grow slowly and retain surface recognition proteins that keep them in a home tissue (non-cancerous)
malignant
Grow and divide abnormally, disrupting surrounding tissues physically and metabolically (cancerous)
Tumor
A neoplasm forms a lump in a body
HeLa Cells
Line of human cancer cells that can be grown in culture
Ultraviolet rays
Cause double strand DNA breaks; promotes formation of Thymine dimers
Thymine Dimers
Occurs when 2 thymine bases covalently bond vertically on the same DNA strand
Cancer cell characteristics
Plasma membrane and cytoplasm altered the balance of metabolismis after shifter altered or missing protein impair function; Cells grow and divide abnormally; weakened capacity for adhesion; lethal unless eradicated
metasis
Process in which malignant cells migrate and establish neoplasm elsewhere in the body
Treatment methods of cancer
surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy
Radiation treatment
Uses some source of X-ray or some source of implanted radiation to destroy cancer cells. Radiation acts on cancer in the S or G2 phase of interphase vs. non-dividin cells which paue in the G1 phase of interphase
Chemotherapy treatment
Uses various types of chemicals to destroy cancer cells; does have negative effects on normal cells; Decreased body's immune respone; decreased white blood cell production
4 types of immunotherapy
Monoclonal antibiodies; Immune checkpoint inhibitors; cancer vaccines; nonspecific immunotherapies
Monoclonal antibodies
They are man- made versions of immune system proteins; they are pure and are designed to attack a specific part of a cancer cell
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
These chemicals prevent the immune system from shutting down; the immune system is then able to recognize and attack cancer cells
Cancer vaccines
A vaccine is a substance that stimulates the body's immune system to begin an immune response against a specific disease. There are 2 types of cancer vaccines
Non-specific immunotherapy
Increase ( or boost ) the immune system response in a general way to help the immune system destroy cancer.
Cancer Cell characteristics
Profound changes in the plasma membrane and cytoplasms of the cells, abnormal growth and division, weakened capacity for adhesion, lethal
What is an Oncogene?
A gene with the capacity to induc cancerous transformations is called an Oncogene
Normal Cell Division
Mechanism that conducts cell division and differentiation function properly
Tumor
Differentiation does not occur; mechanism for cell division does not work
7 warning signals of cancer
1. Change in bowl or bladder movements 2.A sore that does no heal. 3. unusual bleeding or discharge. 4. thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere. 5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing. 6. Obvious changes in wart or mole. 7.Nagging cough or horseness
7 nutritional guidelines for cancer prevention
1. avoid obesity. 2.Cut down on total fat intake 3. Eat more high fiber foods. 4. Include foods rich in vitamins A & C in daily diet. 5. Include cruciferous vegetables in diet (broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, etc.) 6. Eat moderate amounts of salt-cure
Hybrids
Offspring of a cross between two individuals that breed true for different forms of a trait; each inherits non identical alleles for a trait being studied.
Genes
Heritable units of information about traits each has its own locus on the chromosome.
Alleles
Different molecular forms of the same gene
Mutation
Permanent change in a gene's informtion
Homozygous dominant
Has to dominant alleles for a trait (AA)
homozygous recessive
Has two recessive alleles (aa)
Heterozygous
Hybrid; has two nonidentical alleles (Aa)
Gene expression
Multistep process by which a cell converts gene information into a gene product
Which gene a cell uses depends on
1. Type of organism and type of cell. 2. factors inside and outside the cell. 3 Organism's stage of development.
Gene control
Is the basis of embryonic development
All cells of an embryo
Share the same genes; different lineages use different subsets of them during development
The outcome of selective gene expression
Cell differentiation
Different cell lineages
become unique in composition, structure, and function; differentiated cells give rise to specialized tissues and organs
affect attachment of RNA polymerase to DNA
promoters, enhancers, activators, repressors, transcription factors
Genetic engineering
Genes are isolated, modified and inserted
back into the SAME organism or a
DIFFERENT species. with the intent of changing its phenotype.
Gene therapy
is the transfer of DNA into an individuals body cells , with the intent to correct a genetic disorder or treat a disease
Explain how recombinant DNA is produced?
By combining DNA from other organsisms.