R" non-virulent
Harmless
S" virulent
Harmful
Frederick Friffith
Tests mice with R and S bacteria (harmless and harmful) and together to see cell transformation
Oswald Avery
Shows DNA can transform bacteria (1944)
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
Use bacteriophage (virus) to confirm DNA is genetic material (1952)
Hershey-Chase Experiment
Make radioactive proteins and DNA to see which is passed down
James Watson and Francis Crick
Discover double helix of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
Took X-Ray crystallography of DNA
Chargaff's Rule
#A=#T; #C=#G
Phosphate group
Makes DNA acid (also negatively charged)
5 carbon sugar
Deoxyribose(DNA) Ribose(RNA)
Pyrimidines
Single ring bases (T, C, U)
Purines
Double ring bases (A, G)
Binding patterns
T+A=2 hydrogen bond; G+C=3 hydrogen bond
Semi-conservative
DNA replication- uses one half to make new strand
Helicase
Splits Hydrogen bonds/unzips DNA
Binding proteins
Keep unzipped DNA apart
Primase
Makes short RNA primer
DNA polymerase
Adds complementary nucleotide to parent strand
RNase H
Cuts out original primers
DNA polymerase
Fills in gaps of removed primer
DNA ligase
Glues sugar/phosphate backpone
Topoisomerase
Prevents further coiling at replication fork
Anti-parallel
Each strand of double helix is oriented in opposite direction
Prime" #
Carbons in the sugar (open)
3' Carbon
Where you build off of/towards (OH on end)
5' Carbon
Can't build off of (Phosphate/PO4- at end)
5' to 3'
Way DNA grows
Leading strand
Daughter stand made continuously
Lagging strand
Made in series of short pieces (Okazaki fragments)
2-3 stable changes in DNA per year
How many wrong sequences there are
Gametogenisis
Where inheritable changes occur
Cysitic fibrosis
Deletion of 3 nucleotides
Sickle cell anemia
One nucleotide substitution in hemoglobin gene
Nutagen
A mutation causing substance
Structural Genes
Have info to make proteins
Regulatory genes
Code for "on/off switch" protiens
Third type of gene
Genes that code for tRNA, rRNA, histones
mRNA
Copies DNA message and brings to cytoplasm
tRNA
Carries amino acids to mRNA/builds protein
rRNA
Major part of Ribosome
Transcription
DNA to RNA
Translation
RNA to protein
RNA polymerase
Splits DNA and travels along- making RNA
Termination signal
Tells RNA polymerase to stop
Introns
Extra DNA
Exons
DNA coding for stuff
Cap
Start side of mRNA (7-methyl guanine)
Tail
50 Adenine tail to mRNA
Splicosome
SNRP's and other proteins that cut out introns and glue exons together
Codon
RNA triplet
Degenerate nature
More than one codon for amino acids
Anticodon
Part of tRNA that attaches to codon of mRNA
Peptide bonds
Bonds between amino acids/proteins
P site
Where protein is growing
A site
Where amino acids are brought in
E site
Where empty tRNA exits ribosome
Missense
Point mutation alters amino acid sequence
Point muation
Substitution
Silent mutation
Point mutation does not alter amino acid sequence
Frame Shift mutation
Insertion or deletion
Nonsense mutation
Premature stop codon
Capsid
Protein shell of virus
Lytic
Cell immediately begins reproducing virus and bursts
Lysogenic
Viral DNA stays in host cell without producing viruses
HIV
Contains 2 copies of RNA
Reverse transcriptase
Turns RNA into DNA in HIV