organelle
a membrane bound structure that performs a specific function in the cell
cell membrane
surrounds and defines cell; is selectively permeable
cell membrane structure
phospholipid bilayer with proteins, carbohydrates and other lipids imbedded in its surface
plant cell wall
provides structure; made of cellulose
lignin
fills in spaces between cellulose molecules, which makes the cell wall even stronger
suberin
highly hydrophobic; helps keep water out of the cell
pectin
glues plant cell together
parts of plant cell wall
lignin, suberin, pectin
nucleus
contains DNA, largest and easiest to see organelle
multinucleate cells
eukaryotic cells with multiple nuclei (liver/muscle cells)
anucleate cells
cells with no nucleus (red blood cells, sieve cells)
nucleolus
not an organelle; located in the nucleus; site of protein production
nuclear envelope
double membrane that surrounds the nucleus; contains nuclear pores
nuclear pores
allow certain substances to pass from cytoplasm to nucleus and vice versa; are selectively permeable
endoplasmic reticulum
dynamic system with a single membrane; site of protein and phospholipid synthesis
smooth er
site of fatty acid/phospholipid synthesis; calcium (Ca2+) storage; anchoring place of many enzymes
rough er
does everything as it's counterpart but has ribosomes attached to it; proteins are made here and are exported to the golgi body
ribosomes
no membrane; produced in nucleolus; site of protein synthesis; can be attached to rough er or free floating; made of two subunits
free floating ribosomes
make proteins that stay inside the cell
golgi body structure
single membrane; contains flattened compartments and vesicles (single membrane sacs)
golgi body function
sorts, packages, transports proteins to parts of the cell
lysosome
single membrane; "recycling center"; breaks down certain cell components and materials internalized from the environment
apoptosis
the membrane around the lysosome breaks and releases digestive enzymes so the cell can digest itself
peroxisome
single membrane; contain enzymes that break down harmful compounds (alcohol, poison); contains enzyme catalase; important in breakdown of fatty acids
mitochondria function
to make ATP
mitochondrial structure
double membrane- inner membrane is smooth, outer is folded into cristae; shaped like a kidney bean; possess own DNA and ribosomes
cristae
finger-like projections formed by outer membrane
intermembrane space
space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
matrix
space inside inner membrane where DNA (mtDNA), ribosomes, and enzymes for certain steps of ATP production are located
mtDNA
mitochondrial DNA; circular molecule; mitochondria contains multiple; products of it stay inside the mitochondria and are not exported; inherited from your mother
plastids
an organelle found in the cells of plants; have an inner and outer membrane, and contain their own DNA and ribosomes; some contain pigments; three types
chromoplast (plastid)
pigment storage
leucoplast (plastid)
organic molecule (amyloplast = starch storage, eliaoplast = fat storage, proteinoplast = protein storage)
chloroplast (plastid)
site of photosynthesis; encased by a double membrane and have their own DNA and ribosomes; contain thylakoids
thylakoids
flattened, membrane bound disks (a stack = granum (grana pl.))
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments that give cell shape; no membrane; self assembling; involved in cell division and organelle transport; made of 3 different protein filaments
flagella and cilia
attached to cell membrane but have no membrane; used for movement
flagella
longer than other; used like propellers; found in less abundance
cilia
shorter of the two; used like oars; found in abundance
centriole
barrel shaped structure; no membrane; have a role in cell division and flagella/cilia production; not found in plant cells
intracellular junctions
no membrane but are connections between cell membranes of neighboring cells;
intracellular junctions function
required in multicellular organisms for communication, adherence, and interaction with other cells
plant cell intracellular junctions
uses plasmodesmata through which cytoplasm of adjoining cells are connected and can thus communicate
plasmodesmata
channels in the plant cell wall used for intracellular junction (comparable to gap junctions)
tight junctions (animal cell intracellular junctions)
leak proof seals between neighboring cells
gap junctions (animal cell intracellular junctions)
channels between cells in which proteins surround each channel/pore and the pores allow salts/sugars/amino acids/small molecules through to pass (comparable to plasmodesmata)
desmosomes
places where cells are joined to one another; important in muscle and skin cells
single membrane organelles
cell membrane, smooth er, rough er, golgi body, lsysome, vacuole, peroxisome
double membrane organelles
nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast/plastids
no membrane organelles
ribosomes, cytoskeleton, intercellular junctions, flagella/cilia, centriole
vacuole
single membrane; used for storage; can store wastes, poisons, acids, salts, etc.
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight (energy) ? C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthesis chemical equation
carbon dioxide + water + sunlight (energy) ---> glucose + oxygen
photosynthesis word equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36ATP
aerobic respiration chemical equation
glucose + oxygen ---> water + carbon dioxide + ATP energy
aerobic respiration word equation
calvin cycle equation
6CO2 + ATP + Electrons + (H+) ? C6H12O6
light reaction equation
Sunlight + 6H20 ? (12H+) + 3O2 + Electrons + ATP
what is the importance of oxygen?
if it wasn't there to accept the electrons, the Electron Transport Chain would get backed up and no energy would be produced, meaning the organism cannot live
4 ATP
ATP made in krebs cycle and glycolysis
32 ATP
ATP made in electron transport chain
photosynthesis definition
process by which plants and other photoautotrophs produce glucose (sugars) from the energy of sunlight
aerobic respiration definition
the process that released energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen
the bonds between the phosphates
energy in atp is stored in
Cytoplasm
glycolysis occurs in
matrix of mitochondria
Krebs Cycle occurs in
innermembrane of mitochondria
electron transport chain occurs in
fermentation
Glycolysis is the same as
glycolysis step 1
1 molecule of glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate by a long series of reactions; 2 ATP are generated in the process
glycolysis step 2
Each pyruvate then enters the mitochondrion where they are each converted into Acetyl- CoA:
2 Pyruvate ? 2 Acetyl-CoA + 2CO2 + electrons
glycolysis step 3
The Acetyl-CoA enter the Krebs Cycle The electrons move on to the Electron Transport Chain
matrix of mitochondria
Acetyl -CoA is made in
krebs cycle step 1
Acetyl- CoA is converted into CO2, hydrogens & electrons and 2 ATP are generated
krebs cycle step 2
electrons and hydrogens move on to the Electron Transport Chain
electron transport chain step 1
electrons from Glycolysis & the Krebs Cycle are passed from electron carrier to electron carrier
electron transport chain step 2
hydrogens are pumped into the intermembrane space
which leads to a high concentration of hydrogens on one side of the membrane
electron transport chain step 3
ATP Synthase allows the hydrogens to move down their concentration gradient and in the process
ATP is made from ADP & P
electron transport chain step 4
32 ATP are made
chemiosmosis
the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen down its concentration gradient; occurs in electron transport chain
water, sunlight, carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis requirements
Chloroplast
photosynthesis occurs in the
pigments
molecules that absorb a specific range of light colors
Reflected
colors that we see are
Absorbed
colors that we don't see are
chlorophyll AA absorbs
violet, indigo and red/orange light and the greens and yellows are reflected; this
is why plants appear green
chlorophyll BB
absorb blue and orange; appears light green
carotenoids
absorb blue, purple, and green; appear red, orange, yellow
lycopene
appear red
lutein and zeaxanthin
appears yellow
why do leaves change color in the fall?
as the quality of light decreases, the plants break down their chlorophyll, but the other pigments remain
thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
chlorophyll is embedded in the
light reactions step 1
chlorophyll absorbs light which causes electrons to become dislodged from it; the energy in some of these electrons will be used to make ATP- the rest of the electrons are taken to the calvin cycle
light reactions step 2
an enzyme breaks down water into hydrogen ions, oxygen, and electrons; oxygen is released into the atmosphere; electrons replace lost electrons in chloroplasts; hydrogen ions are taken to calvin cycle
light reactions products
oxygen (waste), hydrogen ions, ATP, electrons
calvin cycle step 1
plants use carbon dioxide form atmosphere and electrons, hydrogen ions, and ATP to make glucose
are made in light reactions but used in Calvin cycle
electrons, ATP, hydrogen ions
how do plants make energy?
using photosynthesis to make glucose and aerobic respiration to convert glucose to energy
electron carriers
proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria; pass electrons among one another in the electron transport chain
aerobic respiration vs digestion
one is the breakdown of polymers into their monomers; the other is the breakdown of monomers in order to convert the energy into ATP energy
NADH/NAD+ and FADH/FADH2
carries electrons from one reaction to another to produce ATP
catabolic pathways
chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units, usually releasing energy in the process
starch (catabolic pathway)
broken down into monosaccharides which enter glycolysis
fats (catabolic pathway)
broken down into fatty acid and glycerol; fatty acids are cut up into 2 carbon compounds which are converted into acetyl- CoA which enters the krebs cycle
proteins (catabolic pathway)
broken into amino acids which can be converted into acetyl- CoA that can enter the krebs cycle; the amino group is excreted and removed as urea