energy
ability to do work
thermodynamic
study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe
metabolism
all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
photosynthesis
two-phase anabolic pathway in which the Sun's light energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell
cellular respiration
catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
energy-carrying biological molecule, which, when broken d own, drives cellular activities
thylakoid
in chloroplast, one of the stacked flattened, pigment-containing membranes in which light-dependent reactions ocur
granum
one of the stacks of pigment-containg thylakoids in a plant's chloroplasts
stroma
openings in the outer cell layer of leaf surfaces and some stems that allow the exchange of water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and other gases between a plant and its environment
pigment
light-absorbing colored molecule, such as chlorophyll and carotenoid, in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
NADP+
in photosynthesis, the major electron carrier involved in electron transport
Calvin cycle
light-independent reactions during phase two of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules as glucose
rubisco
enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle
anaerobic process
metabolic process that does not require oxygen
aerobic respiration
metabolic process in which pyruvate is broken down and electron-carrier molecules are used to produce ATP through electron transport
glycolysis
anaerobic process
Krebs cycle
series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon doxide inside the mitochondria of cells
fermentation
process in which NAD+ is regenerated, allowing cells to maintain glycolysis in the absence of oxygen