allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation with inbreeding or hybridization.
Explain the process of selective breeding
Inbreeding-similar or hybridization- dissimilar
Describe two techniques used in selective breeding
to increase variation
Tell why breeders try to induce mutations
steps in making a karyotype: obtain dna(amniotic fluid) then centrifuge it to separate blood from culture fluid. fluid discarded and hypotonic solution, burst red cell, swell whit cells. Centrifuged again. red cell discarded. drop of cell suspension is sp
how to make/read a karyotype
in producing new species of plants that are often larger and stronger than their diploid relatives.
When is a polyploidy useful?
Scientists use their knowledge of the structure and chemical properties of DNA to study and change DNA molecules. Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to id the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and t
How do scientists manipulate DNA?
Using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
How are large DNA molecules cut up?
Polyploidy
a plant (can be an animal but its usually fatal in them) that has an extra set of chromosomes
plays the role of separating DNA fragments to be analyzed.
What role does gel electrophoresis play in the study of DNA?
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources.
Recombinant DNA
Benefits: better, stronger, faster growing food. study specific genes. Cons: harmful, unethical.
Benefits/cons of genetic engineering
A DNA fragment is copied by heating the strands to separate them, then the DNA polymerase adds complementary strand. This happens multiple times
What occurs during a polymerase chain reaction?
a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell this external DNA becomes a part of the Cells DNA. the plasmid is cut using restriction enzymes then the foreign dna is attached by sticky ends and inserted in back in bacteria.
What happens during transformation?
The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell
How can u tell if experiment has been successful with transformation?
better food, cheap and abundant, diabetics have pure human insulin.
Usefulness of transgenic organisms to humans
For All: reviving Endangered or Extinct Species, Reproducing a Deceased Pet, Cloning humans(replacment organs...) cloning genetically id animals for study. cloning stem cells for research, pharming for drug prodction.
Purpose for cloning?
1. Enucleate an egg cell. 2. Introduce somatic cell DNA to egg cell. 3. Chemically or electrically induce mitosis. 4. Implant embryo into host.
Procedure for Reproductive?
1. Enucleate egg cell. 2. somatic cell DNA introduced to enucleated egg. 3. Chemical stimulation. 4. After 5 days, stem cells removed at blastocyst stage.
Therapeutic procedure?
1. DNA fragment with the gene is isolated 2. Inserted into a vector 3. Bacterial plasmid replicates quickly.
Recombinant procedure?
Risks: high failure rate (~97%), problems during later development (LOS) abnormal gene expression patterns, telomeric differences.
Risks of Cloning?
Autosomes & sex chromos.
types of human chromosomes in Karyotype.
Each sperm carries either and X or a Y when one fertilizes and egg, the X or Y it is carrying determines the sex. XX-f. XY-m
How sex is determined?
By showing the relationship of how a trait is passed from one generation to the next.
How pedigrees are used?
abnormal numbers of chromosomes may find their way into gametes, and a disorder of chromosome numbers may result.
Nondisjunction problems?
Testing fro alleles is to detect disease-causing alleles. DNA fingerprinting analyzes sections of DNA with little function but vary from person to person.
Methods of DNA analysis?
an attempt ( which was successful) to sequence all human DNA.
Goal of Human Genome?
Through Gene therapy ( a faulty gene is replaced with a normal working gene)
How researchers are attempting to cure genetic disorders?
Selective breeding
method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation.
Hybridization
breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms.
Inbreeding
continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
Polyploid
having many sets of chromosomes
Genetic engineering
process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
Restriction enzyme
enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Gel electrophoresis
procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel.
Recombinant DNA
DNA produced by combining DBA from different sources
Polymerase chain reaction
technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene.
Plasmid
circular DNA molecule found in bacteria
Genetic marker
gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don't.
Transgenic Organism
contains genes form other organisms.
Clone
member of a population of genetically identical organism produced from a single cell
Karyotype
set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs.
Sex chromosomes
one of two chromosomes that determine an individuals sex
Autosome
autosomal chromosome; chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
Amniocentesis
the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.
Chorionic Villus Sampling
a test made in early pregnancy to detect congenital abnormalities in the fetus.
Monosomy
a condition of having a diploid chromosome complement in which one chromosome lacks its homologous partner
Trisomy
a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei
Translocation
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain. When an order of a dna molecule is switched
Deletion
when a base is removed in dna
Pedigree
chart that shows the relationships within a family
Polygenic
a trait controlled by 2 or more genes
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting analyzes sections of DNA with little function but vary from person to person.