Chytrids produce spores with what?
2 flagella
Chytrids were originally thought to be protists. Why?
cell walls of fungi contain chitin
Zygomycota
-common molds & blights
-Rhizopus stolonifer: bread mold
Zygomycota has which type of septa structure?
aseptate
Zygomycota has specialized hyphae:
stolons: spreads across surface of food
rhizoids: digs into food and absorbs nutrients
The lifecycle of zygomycota consists of ____________ and ____________ reproduction.
sexual and asexual
During favorable conditions, zygomycota does which type of reproduction?
asexual
During unfavorable conditions, zygomycota does which type of reproduction?
sexual
Does zygomycota have male and female when sexually reproducing?
No, they have + and - mating strains (haploid)
gametangium
hyphae structure containing haploid nucleus
sporangia
contains thousands of spores (n) called zygospores (root word = zygote)
What is ascomycota?
-sac fungi
-includes morels, truffles, mildew, and yeasts
Which phylum contains more species than any other fungi phylum?
ascomycota
Dutch elm disease is a type of...
disease derived from plant parasites from sac fungi (phylum ascomycota)
Sac fungi reproduces by...
asexual and sexual reproduction
For unicellular fungi (yeast) asexual reproduction is...
budding: form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some point of the parent organism
For multicellular fungi, asexual reproduction is...
-asexual spores called conidia form on tips of conidiophores (special hyphae)
-unlike other spores these formed externally (dangerous with no protection)
3 structures during sexual reproduction for ascomycota:
ascocarp
ascus
ascospores
-all 3 are inside of each other
ascocarp
specialized sexual reproduction structure for ascomycota where zygote formed
ascus
saclike structure where zygote undergoes cellular division for ascomycota sexual reproduction
ascospores
spores produced in an ascus for ascomycota sexual reproduction
What is basidiomycota?
club fungi/mushrooms (put in and on food)
-rarely reproduce asexually
-spend most of lives with 2 nuclei in each cell
Ex: puffball, shelf/bracket fungi, wrinkled peach fungi
Structures of basidiomycota-
basidiocarp- fruiting body
basidia- cup shaped hypahe that produce spores
basidiospores- spores (n) released from basidia
stalk (stipe)
gills
Types of club fungi that deals with crops:
rust- only affects healthy plants and can cause growth deformities
smut- mostly affects grass family (corn, bamboo, rice, etc.)
What are imperfect fungi?
phylum deuteromycota
-debatable phylum
traditionally grouped together because they all lack sexual reproduction cycle
-new data supports classifying these fungi in other phyla
-asexual structure: conidia
Lichens
-symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae/cyanobacteria
-fungus provides protection, minerals, and water
-algae and cyanobacteria provide food
Lichen prefer what type of habitats?
-temperate
-arctic
-can grow on bare rock (pioneer species)
Lichen serve as important __________________.
bioindicator (health indicates how polluted air around them is)
Fungi can be helpful to humans in what ways?
food- mushrooms, blue cheese
in medicine- penicillin mold
cleaning up pollutants
What are truffles?
-round, warty fungi irregular in shape
-vary in sizes
-1 of world's most expensive foods
-traditionally harvested by pigs, can be harvested by trained dogs
What is the word for fungi that glow?
bioluminescent
What type of cheese is made using fungi?
blue cheese
A fungus and _______________ could live symbiotically as lichen
cyanobacteria
Which kingdom is most closely related to fungi? Why?
animalia; both heterotrophic
Most fungi are ________cellular.
multi
Which fungi is unicellular?
yeast
Fungi cell walls are made of what?
chitin
These are 2 types of polysaccharides (carbohydrate).
chitin (fungi) & cellulose (plants)
Can fungi perform photosynthesis?
No, fungi are heterotrophs, therefore they can't produce their own food. They get their nutrients from other things.
What does it mean to say that fungi are nonmotile?
fungi cannot move
Fungi prefer __________ and ___________ conditions.
warm and damp
What does the structure of fungi consist of?
hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body, septa
hyphae
a long chain of cells forming threadlike filaments; all fungi made of hyphae (basic unit)
mycelium
a network of hyphae
fruiting body
contain spores, which are dispersed for reproduction; formed from hyphae
ex: mushrooms
septa
cross walls that divide the hyphae
Which phyla have septa?
basidiomycota and ascomycota
What do septate hypha consist of?
-type of septa: cross walls that divide hyphae
septum, nuclei, pore, cell wall,
What do aseptates consist of?
-type of septa
cell wall, nuclei
How to remember hyphae vs mycelium?
hyphae- singular person
mycelium- group of people
The mushrooms that make up fairy rings are _____________ ____________.
fruiting bodies
How do fairy rings happen?
mycelium starts in the center & as it doesn't get the nutrients it needs, it reaches out in search of nutrients to take from the grass & grows mushrooms
What are Saprophytic fungi?
-decomposers: break down organisms and recycle nutrients back into ecosystem
-extracellular digestion: release digestive enzymes onto their food & then suck up all the nutrients back up through their hyphal (digestion happening outside of the cells)
What are mutualistic fungi?
-Mycorrhiza: symbiotic relationship b/t plants and specialized fungus; plants with mycorrhiza partner are healthier
-some plants (orchids) need this relationship to survive
-80%-90% of all plants have mycorrhiza= corn, strawberries, carrots
What are parasitic fungi?
-feed on living organisms, mostly animals, such as humans/insects
ex: ringworm & athletes foot infect humans
Many fungi reproduce __________ and ___________.
asexually and sexually
What is asexual reproduction? What types of asexual reproduction are there?
production of various types of spores; fragmentation, budding, spores
Fragmentation
part of mycelium broken off and hyphae of that fragment can regrow into new mycelium
Budding
small offspring developing while still attached to parent cell (yeast cell)
Spores
asexual & sexual
Spores: asexual reproduction
-haploid
-has hard outer coat
-spores develop into new mycelium
Spores: sexual reproduction
-reproductive structure (diploid) produces spores (haploid) by meiosis
Sporangium
-sac where spores are produced
-provides protection for spores
How can spores be dispersed?
wind, water, animals
How are fungi classified?
fungal structure & reproductive methods
4 major phyla-
-Chytridiomycota: chytrids
-Zygomycota: common molds
-Ascomycota: sac gungi
-Basidiomycota: club fungi
What are chytrids?
saprobes (decomposers) or parasites
-aquatic
-considered to be 1st fungi
Phylum zygomycogta includes what type of fungi?
common molds
The strong polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi is
chitin
Which is unicellular fungi? bread mold, yeast, mushroom, bird's nest fungus
yeast
What group of fungi feed on dead plants?
saprophytes
A fungus called ____________ absorbs nutrients from the living cells of a host organism.
parasitic
Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reprod? budding, fragmentation, spore production, gametangia production
gametangia production
Mycelia comprise the main body of a __________.
lichen
What describes an ascocarp?
specialized reproductive structure developed from hyphae
True or false: compounds from fungi can be isolated and administered to treat high blood pressure.
true
this phylum includes Pencillum
phylum deuteromycota
formed when + and rhizoids meet
zygote
reproductive structure in mushrooms resembling a club
basidium
mass of tangled hyphae
mycelium
examples include puffball, shelf fungus and mushroom
phylum basidiomycota
complex carbohydrate in the cell walls of fungi
chitin
root like hyphae that participate in sexual reproduction
rhizoids
tiny threadlike filaments that release digestive enzymes
hyphae
this phylum includes black bread mold
phylum zygomycota
What phylum of fungus contains the largest number of species?
ascomycota
What is considered to the evolutionary link b/t fungus like protists and kingdom fungi?
chytrids
Part of mushroom u see above ground
fruiting body
___________________ are sexual spores associated w black bread molds.
zygospores
Sexual reprod. has not been observed in phylum ______________.
deuteromycota
1 disease caused by fungus that effects plants
dutch elm disease
2 diseases caused by fungus that effects animals
athlete's foot & ringworm